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A  Complete  and  Compreliensive  Description 


OF    THE 


AGRICULTURAL, 

STOCK    RAISING    AND 

MINERAL    RESOURCES 

OF    UTAH 

Also  Statistics  in  regard  to  its  Climate,  etc., 

Compiled  from  the  Latest  Bepfflrts  of  1892. 

Presented  zviih  the  Cotnpliments  of  the 

Passenger   JJepartment, 


UNION 
PACIFIC 
IP' 


Sixth  Edition. 


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A  COMPLETE  AND  COMPREHENSIVE  DESCRIPTION 


OF   THE 


AGRICULTURAL,  STOCK  RAISING 


MINERAL     RESOURCES 


U  TA  H 


WITH  THE  COMPLIMENTS  OF  THE 


PASSENGER      DEPARTMENT 


sixth   Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged. 


ST.  LOUIS. 

WOODWAKU  A   TIERNAN   PRINTING  CO.,  309-319  NORTH   THIRD  STREET. 


Fl-z 


C-a  .-. 


A  COMPLETE  AND 

COMPREHENSIVE  DESCEIPTION 

OF  THE  AGRICULTURAL,  STOCK-RAISING 

AND  MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  UTAH ;   ALSO  STATISTICS 

IN    REGARD    TO    ITS    CLIMATE,    ETC., 

COMPILED  -FROM  THE  LATEST 

REPORTS. 


SIXTH  EDITION,  REVISED  AND  ENLARGED. 


The  Passenger  Department  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railway  is  indebted  to  S.  A. 
Kenner,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  for  the  preparation  of  the  original  matter  contained  in 
these  pages. 


Omaha,  March  1,  1893. 


Copyright,  1893.  by  B.  L.   LOMAX,  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent, 
Union  Pacific  System,  Omaha,  Neb. 


6  °(3  IH 

Ba: 


INTRODUCTORY. 


Before  proceeding  with  a  presentation  of  the  resources,  attractions  and 
peculiar  features  of  Utah— the  most  populous  and  thrifty  of  the  remaining 
Territories— we  deem  it  proper  to  say  a  few  words  regarding  the  great 
highway  which  first  connected  her  with  the  commercial  world,  and  in 
bonds  of  steel  united  her  to  the  great  Sisterhood — the  Union  Pacific 
Railway. 

Wlien  the  building  of  this  national  Giant's  Causeway  was  begun,  all 
the  domain  west  of  a  narrow  strip  bordering  the  Missouri  River  and  east 
of  Utah,  with  the  exception  of  a  cultivated  spot  here  and  there,  was  a 
barren  waste.  The  somew^hat  uninviting  spectacle  of  a  country  contributing 
little  or  no  patronage,  until  it  could  be  created  by  the  road  itself,  for  the 
distance  of  a  thousand  miles,  was  thus  presented,  the  chief  reliance  of  the 
Company  being  the  through  business  that  must  be  poured  upon  it  from  the 
congested  communities  of  the  Far  West  when  the  road  was  completed,  and 
the  settlement  and  development  of  the  country  through  which  it  passed. 
The  road  would  make  the  latter  a  feasible  project,  with  the  accomplishment 
of  which  mutual  benefits  to  the  settlers  and  the  Company  would  result ; 
these,  expanding  and  increasing  from  time  to  time,  as  civilization  was 
extended  further  and  further  into  the  interior,  and  the  villages  took  on 
more  and  more  the  characteristics  and  conditions  of  towns,  and  these  of 
cities.  It  was  a  grand  project.  It  meant  the  practical  annihilation  of  the 
American  frontier  and  the  occupation  and  subjugation  of  millions  of  acres 
of  the  best  soil  in  the  world,  and  which  previously  was  used  for  no  other 
purpose  than  as  a  roaming  ground  for  wild  beasts  and  wilder  man.  Look 
at  it  now^  with  scarcely  half  a  generation  gone  since  ground  was  broken 
and  the  great  evangel  of  progress  began  its  majestic  and  all-conquering 
march  into  the  wilderness !  Where  once  the  waters  of  the  mountains  and 
plains  aimlessly  meandered  to  the  rivers  which  feed  the  ocean,  are  now 
diverting  channels  conveying  the  life-giving  element  over  fertile  and  pro- 
ductive fields,  into  gardens  and  orchards,  and  through  the  streets  and  by- 
ways of  prosperous  and  growing  communities;  the  "lowing  herds  wind 
slowly  o'er  the  lea"  where  formerly  the  bison  led  an  aimless  life;  the  war- 
whoop  of  the  savage  is  heard  no  more,  and  in  its  place  the  clangor  of 
machinery  and  the  "sound  of  the  church-going  bell"  are  wafted  upon  the 
breezes;  and  wherever  we  may  turn,  "civilization,  on  its  luminous  wings, 
soars  phoenix-like  to  Jove."  The  land  from  center  to  circumference  has 
undergone  a  metamorphosis  so  complete  and  wonderful  that  it  seems  to 
have  been  wrought  by  magic— and  so,  indeed,  it  was,  the  magic  of  the 
locomotive  trained  by  hands  of  skill  and  directed  by  the  finger  of  American 


4  INTKODUCTORY. 

The  country  thus  reclaimed  and  made  habitable  to  man  amounts  to  an 
empire  in  extent  and  wealth.  Great  as  it  already  is,  its  greatness  is  but 
just  begun.  But  a  limited  fraction  is  yet  taken  up  and  homes  for  millions 
yet  remain.  What  a  grand  field  for  the  poorly-paid  toiler  in  the  crowded 
cities  of  the  East,  to  acquire  independence  at  once  and  wealth  in  the 
immediate  future.  It  requires  but  small  capital  with  enterprise,  intel- 
ligence and  industry,  to  effect  the  complete  disenthralment  of  the  homeless 
wage-worker  or  unfortunate  plodder ;  the  fruitful  soil  and  the  mountains 
teeming  with  undeveloped  wealth  are  accessible  to  him,  while  incurring 
no  risks  from  savages  or  the  other  dangers  that  constantly  confronted 
settlers  who  had  the  temerity  to  venture  beyond  the  border  in  the  early 
days. 

Those  who  read  the  interesting  chapters  following  will  be  advised  of 
what  has  been  wrought  out  of  just  such  materials  as  the  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
way traverses,  almost  from  end  to  end,  to  reach  the  progressive  and  fruitful 
Territory  treated  of.  It  all,  in  contemplation  of  the  past,  reads  like  a 
production  of  Munchausen  instead  of,  as  it  is,  the  recital  of  accom- 
plished realities  well  worth  going  to  see  at  once.  The  Union  Pacific 
Railway  Company  wishes  every  patron  a  liberal  share  of  all  these 
good  things  in  Utah.  In  attracting  attention  to  the  well-filled  page^  of  this 
little  work,  it  also  desires  to  say  that  it  is  the  result  of  much  labor  on  the 
part  of  the  very  best  authorities.  Special  acknowledgment  is  made  to 
S.  A.  Kenner,  for  many  years  a  journalist  and  member  of  the  bar  of  Salt 
Lake  City,  for  the  preparation  of  the  pamphlet. 


CONTENTS. 


Grand  Physical  Features —  Page. 

Area;  Divisions;  Drainage  Systems 7 

Great  Salt  Lake  Drainage  System 8 

Sevier  Lake  Drainage  System 10 

Colorado  River  Drainage 11 

Agricultural,  Timber  and  Grazing  Lands 11 

Geology;  Geological  History — 

Formation;  The  Great  Basin 12 

Lake  Bonneville 15 

Climate;  Meteorology;  Sanitary — 

Temperature  and  Precipitation 16 

Salt  Lake  City  a  Perfect  High  Altitude  Kesort ly 

Fair  Days;  Wind;   Temperature 20 

Diathermancy  and  Ozone;  Other  Qualifications 21 

Great  Salt  Lake  Bathing;  Sulphur  Springs 21 

A  Natural  Sanitarium 22 

Effect  on  Consumption 23 

Farming;  Stock  Raising — 

Agricultural  College;  Irrigation 25 

Crops;  Prices;  Yield  per  Acre 26 

Area  Under  Cultivation 27 

Yield  and  Quality  of  Grains  and  Vegetables 28 

Alfalfa 29 

Sugar  Beets;  Bear  River  Valley  Lands 30 

A  Typical  Case;  Value  of  Improved  Farm  Lands 31 

Union  Pacific  Lands  in  Utah 32 

Government  Aid  to  Irrigation 32 

Dan  De  Quille  on  The  Great  Basin 34 

Typical  Place  for  a  Colony 34 

Stock  and  Sheep;  Wool 37 

Gold  and  Silver  Mining — 

Output  to  Date,  of  1891;  Dividends  of  1891 39 

Where  the  Mines  Are 39 

Beaver  County  Mines 40 

Juab  County;  Tintic  Mines 41 

Del  Monte  District ;    West  Tintic  Mines 46 

The  Desert 48 

Summit  County;  Park  Citj' 49 

The  Mines  about  Park  City 49 

Wasatch  County  Mines 54 

Utah  County  Mines;  A  Great  Mining  Field 55 

American  Fork  Mines 57 

Salt  Lake  County;  Little  Cottonwood 57 

Big  Cottonwood  Mines 59 

Bingham  Caiion  Mines - 60 

Tooele  County  ;  Rush  Valley  District;  Dry  Canon , 64 

Ophir  Mine 65 

Pmte  County;  Marysvale 66 

Washington  County  ;  Silver  Reef 70 

Weber  County;  La  Plata 73 


6  CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Sanpete  County ;  Over  the  Lines ;  Pioche 74 

Osceola 75 

Ore  Product  of  1890;  Cost  of  Mining  and  Milling 76 

Sampling  and  Smelting 76 

Mining  Stock  Exchange 77 

Mining  in  General — 

Coal;  Sundry  Minerals.. 77 

Iron;  Hydro-Carbons 78 

Building  Stone 79 

Natural  Gas 80 

Manufactures— 

In  the  Territory ;  In  the  City  of  Salt  Lake 82 

Advantages  of  Manufacturing 83 

Facilities;  Raw  Materials 83 

Iron  Making;  Slate 84 

Tripolite  and  Fluorite ;  Iron  Ore;  Sulphur 85 

Copper;  Onyx;  Textile  Fabrics 86 

Building  Materials ;  Brick,  Cement,  etc 87 

Stock  Yards;  Packing  House 87 

Sash,  Door  and  Blind  Factory;  The  Labor  Supply 88 

Wages  Paid  and  Hours  Employed 89 

Opportunities;  Wants 89 

Railroads — 

Union  Pacific;  Physical  Condition 91 

Union  Pacific  System 92 

General  Topics — 

Population  by  Counties 93 

Revenue  of  the  Territory 94 

Revenue  Law 96 

Education;  Free  School  System;  Denominational  Schools 97 

Deseret  University 99 

Churches;  The  Public  Lands 100 

Business;  Building;  Salt  Lake  Valley »....  101 

Improvements  in  Salt  Lake  City 104 

Improvements  in  Ogden 105 

Banking  in  the  Territory 107 

Public  Institutions 108 

Attractions — 

Salt  Lake  City 108 

Mineral  Springs 110 

Utah  Hot  Springs ;  Hotel  Accommodations Ill 

Great  Salt  Lake Ill 

Garfield  Bathing  Beach 114 

Lake  Park  Bathing  Station 116 

Syracuse  Bathing  Station 117 

The  Wasatch  Canons;  Weber  Caiion 117 

Cache  Valley;  Ogden  Canon 118 

Parley's  Park ;  Big  Cottonwood  Lakes 119 

American  Fork  Canon 120 

Utah  Basin 121 

On  the  Sevier 122 

In  the  Uintahs ;  Head  of  "Bear  River 122 

Conclusion 124 


UTAH  TERRITORY. 


GRAND  PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 

Abea. — Utah  Territory  is  in  the  latitude  of  Missouri,  ahout  two-thirds 
of  the  way  from  St.  Louis  to  San  Francisco.  Its  land  area  is  84,970  square 
miles  (52,601,600  acres) ;  its  water  area  is  2,780  square  miles  (1,776,200 
acres) .    The  grand  physical  features  of  Utah  are  as  follows : 

Divisions. — The  Wasatch  Mountains  and  the  High  Plateaus,  a  central 
zone  standing  9,000  to  11,000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  extending  from  the 
northern  nearly  to  the  southern  boundary ;  the  Uintah  Mountains,  a  lofty 
table  land,  carrying  many  peaks  12,000  to  nearly  14,000  feet  high,  stretch- 
ing eastward  from  the  middle  of  the  Wasatch;  the  Tavaputs  Table  Land, 
another  elevated  district,  south  from  the  Uintah  region,  extending  from 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains  east-southeast  beyond 
the  borders  of  Utah,  and  cut  in  two  by  Green  River;  the  Uintah- White 
Basin,  a  low  synclinal  valley,  drained  by  the  Uintah  and  its  tributaries  on 
the  west,  and  the  lower  course  of  White  River  on  the  east,  lying  between 
the  Uintah  Mountains  and  the  Tavaputs  Table  Land ;  the  CaRon  Lands, 
south  of  the  Tavaputs  Table  Land  and  east  and  south  of  the  High  Plateaus, 
in  the  midst  of  which  the  Green  and  the  Grand  unite  to  form  the  River 
Colorado,  and  which  is  traversed  in  deep  cafions  by  the  Price  and  the  San- 
Rafael,  by  the  Fremont,  the  Escalante,  the  Paria,  the  Kanab,  and  the 
Virgin  Rivers  and  their  tributaries;  the  Great  Basin,  subdivided  into  the 
Sevier  Lake  Basin  and  the  Great  Salt  Lake  Basin,  a  region  of  low  valleys 
lying  west  of  the  lofty  zone,  interrupted  by  short  and  abrupt  ranges  of 
mountains,  part  of  a  mountain  system  extending  through  Nevada  and 
northwestward  into  Idaho  and  Oregon. 

Drainage  Systems.— The  eastern  part  of  the  Territory  is  drained  by 
the  Rio  Colorado  and  its  tributaries;  the  western  part  by  streams  that 
head  in  the  Wasatch  and  the  High  Plateaus  of  the  central  part,  and  find 
their  way  into  the  salinas  and  desert  sands  of  the  Great  Basin.  Thus  we 
have  the  Rio  Colorado  drainage  area,  and  the  Desert  drainage  area;  the 
former  about  two-fifths,  the  latter  about  three-fifths,  of  the  total  area. 
The  Rio  Colorado  drainage  area  is  subdivided  into  the  Uintah- White 

(7) 


8  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

Basin,  with  280,320  acres  of  irrigable  land,  and  the  Canon  Lauds,  with 
213,440  acres.  The  Desert  drainage  area  is  subdivided  into  the  Sevier 
Lake  District,  with  101,700  acres  of  irrigable  land,  and  the  Great  Salt 
Lake  District,  with  837,660  acres.  * 

Great  Salt  Lake  Drainage  System.— Three  rivers  enter  Great 
Salt  Lake,  namely,  the  Bear,  the  Weber,  and  the  Jordan,  ''and  upon  their 
water,"  says  Mr.  C.  K.  Gilbert,  of  the  Geological  Survey,  "will  ultimately 
depend  the  major  part  of  the  agriculture  of  Utah."  They  rise  close  to- 
gether in  the  western  end  of  the  Uintah  Mountains,  and  cut  through  the 
Wasatch.  Bear  River  flows  northward,  now  in  Utah,  now  in  Wyoming, 
and  into  Idaho  as  far  as  Soda  Springs.  Here  it  bends  round  like  a  flsh 
hook  and  returns  on  a  more  westerly  line.  Be-entering  Utah  in  Cache 
Va'.ley,  it  passes  thence  by  a  short  canon  to  its  delta-plain  on  the  north- 
eastern border  of  Great  Salt  Lake.  Its  principal  tributaries  are  received 
in  Idaho  and  Cache  Valley. 

Cache  Valley,  in  Utah  and  Idaho,  contains  upwards  of  400  square 
miles  of  irrigable  land.  The  left  bank  (of  the  Bear)  is  served  by  Logan 
River  and  tributaries;  the  right  bank  by  a  canal  (not  yet  constructed)  en- 
tirely in  Idaho.  The  expense  of  the  latter  will  be  great,  but  well  war- 
ranted. The  valley  is  higher  and  somewhat  colder  than  the  Salt  Lake 
Valley,  but  the  soil  is  good,  and  the  climate  admits  of  the  growth  of 
wheat,  oats,  corn,  rye,  apples,  pears,  cherries,  apricots,  plums,  peaches, 
etc.  The  valley  is  about  ten  miles  in  width  by  fifty  miles  in  length,  dish- 
like in  shape,  walled  in  by  mountains,  but  pretty  well  farmed  all  around 
at  the  foot  of  the  mountains.  It  sustains  nearly  a  score  of  flourishing 
towns. 

The  mean  annual  flow  of  Bear  River,  where  it  enters  Salt  Lake  Valley, 
is  about  5,000  cubic  feet  per  second.  Its  delta-plain  contains  about  220 
square  miles  of  unsurpassable  soil,  upon  which  the  Bear  River  Canal 
Com  any  has  diverted  2,000  second-cubic  feet  of  water  through  upwards 
of  100  miles  of  canals  at  a  cost  of  nearly  $3,000,000.  The  soil  is  rich  and 
ideally  adapted  to  irrigation,  having  a  gentle  fall,  being  smooth  as  a  floor, 
and  well  and  deeply  drained  by  the  Bear  and  Malad  Rivers. 

As  if  to  forever  bar  a  water  famine  in  Salt  Lake  Valley,  nature  has 
provided  a  natural  reservoir  in  Bear  Lake,  situated  near  Bear  River  and 
connected  with  the  river  by  a  narrow  outlet,  high  up  in  the  mountains. 
The  lake  has  an  area  of  150  square  miles,  and  can  be  raised  ten  feet  by  a 
dam  thrown  across  the  outlet  at  slight  expense.  Thus  enough  water  can 
be  stored  during  three-fourths  of  the  year  to  flow  5,000  feet  per  second 
during  the  other  fourth  of  the  year.  Bear  River  itself  can  be  turned  into 
the  lake  by  a  short  canal,  and  upon  its  upper  tributaries,  on  the  northern 
slope  of  the  Uintah  Range,  there  are  many  glacial  lakes  which  can  be 
made  use  of  for  impounding  water. 

*NoTE.— This  matter  is  condensed  from  Major  Powell's  Lands  of  the  Arid  Region, 
Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  1879.  Further  Investigation  Indicates  that  the 
Irrigable  land  was  at  that  time  considerably  under-estimated. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  9 

The  Weber  River  runs  in  a  general  northwesterly  course  from  the 
Uintah  Mountains  to  Great  Salt  Lake,  entering  the  latter  at  the  middle  of 
its  eastern  shore.  The  Ogden  is  its  only  important  tributary.  Its  delta- 
plain  comprises  ahout  220  square  miles  of  farming  land.  If  the  river 
prove  incompetent  to  water  its  delta-plain,  the  Bear  at  the  north  and  the 
Jordan  at  the  south  have  each  a  great  volume  of  surplus  water,  and  either 
supply  can  be  led  without  difficulty  to  the  lower  levels  of  the  delta  of  the 
Weber.  Besides  the  delta  of  the  Weber,  there  are  40  to  50  square  miles  of 
irrigable  land  on  the  Weber  and  the  Ogden  Rivers  within  the  mountains. 

The  Jordan  River  is  the  outlet  of  Utah  Lake,  and  runs  northward,  en- 
tering Great  Salt  Lake  at  its  southeastern  angle.  On  the  right  it  receives 
a  number  of  large  tributaries  from  the  Wasatch.  The  largest  tributary 
of  Utah  Lake  is  Provo  River,  which  rises  near  the  source  of  the  Weber 
and  the  Bear  in  the  Uintah  Mountains.  Minor  tributaries  of  Utah  Lake 
are  American  Fork,  Spanish  Fork,  Hobble  Creek,  Payson  Creek,  Salt 
Creek,  e" c.  On  all  the  tributaries  of  Utah  Lake  there  are  about  320  square 
miles  of  irrigable  land;  and  in  Jordan  Valley,  below  Utah  Lake,  inclusive 
of  Bountiful  and  Centerville,  there  are  about  2"^0  square  miles.  In  addition, 
the  water  can  be  carried  around  the  point  of  the  Oquirrh  Range  on  the 
southern  shore  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  be  used  to  water  fifty  square  miles 
in  Toeele  Valley. 

Utah  Lake  is  a  natural  reservoir,  125  square  miles  in  surface  area. 
With  suitable  headworks  its  volume  can  be  controlled,  and  the  entire  dis- 
charge be  concentrated  in  the  season  of  irrigation.  The  mean  volume  of 
the  outlet  is  about  1,000  second-cubic  feet,  but  one-fourth  of  this  must  be 
assigned  to  watering  lands  on  the  tributaries  of  the  lake  and  to  evaporation, 
leaving  a  perennial  flow  of  750  second-cubic  feet,  which,  if  concentrated  in- 
to four  months,  would  irrigate  for  that  period  350  square  miles. 

There  is  thus  water  enough  forever  assured  to  irrigate  every  acre  of 
the  eastern  border  of  Great  Salt  Lake  Basin,  from  Nephi  on  the  south  to 
Bear  River  Cafion  on  the  north,  a  distance,  as  traveled,  of  about  180  miles. 
This  fringe  of  the  desert,  between  the  Wasatch  and  Great  Salt  Lake,  and 
between  the  Wasatch  and  Utah  Lake,  is,  in  location,  resources,  climate 
fertility,  potentially  the  glory  of  the  earth.  It  is  easily  the  garden  spot 
of  Utah.  It  supports  more  than  thirty  settlements  or  towns,  and  more 
than  half  the  population  of  Utah.  Every  acre  of  the  land  is  intrinsically 
worth  $100,  although  it  ranges  in  price  all  the  way  from  $5  to  $225  per 
acre.  The  average,  away  from  the  suburbs  of  larger  towns,  is  perhaps 
$50  an  acre.  Altogether,  about  10,000  second-cubic  feet  of  water  peren- 
nially flows  into  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Westward  of  Great  Salt  Lake  there  are  sixty  small  tracts  of  land  blest 
with  water.  On  th^  east  of  th^  lake  the  rivers  carry  the  melting  snows  of 
the  elevated  zone  to  the  valleys,  and  fertility  is  the  result.  West  and  north 
of  the  lake  the  mountains  are  too  insignificant  to  store  up  snow  banks  until 
the  time  of  need.  These  streams  are  spent  before  the  summer  comes,  and 
only  a  few  springs  are  perennial.  The  result  is  a  desert,  with  little  oases 
a  day's  journey  apart. 


10  UTAH  TEKKITORY. 

Sevier  Lake  Drainage  Basin.— According  to  the  accomplished  geol- 
ogists of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  which  this  sketch  follows,  the 
Wasatch  ends  with  Mount  Nebo,  which  overhangs  IS'ephi.  The  elevated 
lands  southward  these  gentlemen  term  the  High  Plateaus,divided  by  great 
longitudinal  faults  into  three  ranges,  each  made  up  of  different  members, 
as  the  San  Pete,  the  Pahvant,  the  Tushar,  and  the  Markagunt,  facing  the 
Great  Basin ;  the  Sevier  and  the  Paunsagunt  between  Sevier  and  Grass 
valleys;  and  the  Wasatch,  the  Fish  Lake,  the  Awapa,  and  the  Aquarius, 
east  of  Grass  Valley.  The  Pahvant  and  the  Tushar,  says  Captain  Dutton, 
present  a  curious  admixture  of  plateau  and  sierra,  but  the  others  are  true 
tables,  made  and  kept  so  by  the  lavas  which  cap  them  and  successfully 
resist  erosion. 

The  Wasatch  Plateau  is  east  of  San  Pete  Valley,  above  which  it  rises 
a  full  mile.  Sanpitch  Eiver,  the  largest  tributary  of  the  Sevier,  furnishes 
water,  and  the  oats  and  wheat  grow  higher  than  the  fences.  There  is  coal 
in  the  valley,  fine  building  and  flagging  stone,  a  score  of  towns  and  settle- 
ments, and  50,000  to  100,000  acres  of  irrigable  land.  The  Sanpitch  empties 
into  the  Sevier  at  Gunnison,  the  latter  coming  down  from  the  south,  the 
former  rising  about  Mount  Nebo  and  flowing  southward. 

From  Gunnison  to  Monroe,  Sevier  Valley  is  about  'five  miles  wide  by 
sixty  miles  long,  and  sustains  a  dozen  settlements.  The  river  canons  above 
Monroe,  and  just  above  this  cafion  tower  the  rugged  peaks  and  domes  of 
the  Tushar  (Beaver  Range),  upon  whose  shaggy  slopes,  descending  to  the 
Sevier,  is  the  mining  district  of  Marysvale,  just  now  rousing  itself,  or  be- 
ing roused,  from  a  Rip  Van  Winkle  sleep  of  20  years. 

Twenty  miles  above  Marysvale  is  Circle  Valley,  where  the  East  Fork 
joins  the  South  Fork  through  a  mighty  chasm,  cutting  the  Sevier  Plateau 
in  two.  The  mural  walls  of  the  opposing  plateaus  rise  sheer  above  Circle 
Valley  4,000  to  5,000  feet.  From  this  junction  the  two  forks  continue  on 
through  caQons  and  valleys,  ascending  higher  and  higher  the  best  part  of 
a  hundred  miles  to  the  springs  of  the  basalt  fields  which  divide  the  drain- 
age of  Sevier  Lake  from  that  of  the  Rio  Colorado.  There  are  valleys  up 
there,  says  Captain  Dutton,  7,000  to  9,000  feet  high,  with  the  palisades  of 
the  Plateaus  rising  half  a  mile  higher,  and  on  the  great  mesas  forests  of 
straight  slender  pines  and  spruces  a  hundred  feet  to  a  limb  and  standing 
so  thick  as  to  be  almost  impenetrable. 

Just  below  Juab  the  Sevier  River  breaks  through  the  Pahvant  as  though 
the  latter  were  a  fog-bank,  runs  far  out  on  the  desert  and  sinks  in  what  is 
called  Sevier  Lake.  Without  storage,  for  which  Captain  Dutton  says  the 
High  Plateaus  offer  extraordinary  facilities,  the  Sevier  and  Sanpitch 
rivers  water  less  than  100,000  acres.  With  storage,  if  there  is  sufficient 
water  to  be  stored,  a  thousand  square  miles  of  land  might  be  reclaimed 
from  the  desert  on  the  course  of  the  Sevier  River. 

Probably  a  hundred  square  miles  are  served  by  the  small  streams  of 
southwestern  Utah,  as  at  Levan,  Scipio,  Holden,  Fillmore,  Oak  City, 
Kanosh,  Beaver,  Minersville,  Paragoonah,  Parowan,  Cedar  City,  Pinto, 
Hebron,  etc.  In  this  region  the  water  is  inadequate  to  supply  the  arable 
land,  but  it  can  be  largely  increased  by  storage,  without  doubt. 


UTAH  TEHRITORY.  11 

Colorado  River  Drainage.— Of  the  Rio  Colorado  drainage  sysLein, 
tlie  main  channel  is  the  river  Qolorado  and  its  proper  continuation,  the 
Green  River.  The  principal  tributaries  of  these  streams  from  the  east  are 
the  White,  the  Grand,  and  the  San  Juan,  the  White  entering  the  Green, 
the  Grand  uniting  with  the  Green  to  form  the  Colorado,  and  the  San  Juan 
entering  the  latter  about  125  miles  below  the  confluence  of  the  Grand  and 
the  Green.  The  tributaries  from  the  west  are  the  Virgin,  the  Kanah,  the 
Paria,  the  Escalante,  the  Fremont,  the  San  Rafael,  the  Price,  the  Minnie 
Maud,  the  Uintah,  and  the  Ashley  Fork. 

The  climate  Is  extremely  arid,  the  elevation  between  2,500  and  11,500 
feet,  giving  great  range  in  temperature.  The  limit  of  successful  (bay) 
fai-ming  is  abbut  7,000  feet.  Aside  from  the  Uintah-White  Basin,  which 
contains  more  than  half  of  the  irrigable  land  of  the  entire  district,  and 
which  is  an  Indian  Reserve,  the  lands  are  generally  on  benches  or  terraces 
or  in  restricted  valleys  between  the  higher  courses  of  the  streams  and  their 
cafions,  and  from  4,500  to  6,000  feet  in  altitude.  The  Price,  the  Uintah, 
the  Green  and  the  Grand  have  plenty  of  water,  but,  excepting  the  Uintah, 
the  land  upon  which  their  waters  can  be  diverted  is  very  limited.  On  the 
Virgin,  which  is  far  south  and  low  in  altitude,  there  are  thirty  to  fifty 
square  miles.  In  the  entire  district  there  maybe  a  thousand  square  miles 
of  irrigable-arable  land. 

Agricultural,  Timber,  and  Grazing  Lands. — From  a  cursory  ex- 
amination and  estimate  of  the  water  supply,  made  under  Major  Powell's 
auspices  in  1877,  the  land  in  Utah  which  may  be  Irrigated  was  tentatively 
put  at  1,433,060  acres.  Later  and  more  thorough  investigation  indicates 
at  least  3,000,000  acres. 

Upon  the  high  mountain  slopes  and  mesas  are  the  forests.  All  the 
timber  trees  proper  are  coniferous  and  belong  to  the  Pine,  Fir,  and  Juni- 
per families.  There  will  doubtless  always  be  enough  timber  and  lumber 
for  domestic  use,  as  the  new  growth  should  replace  the  consumption.  The 
farming  lands,  on  the  lower  courses  of  the  rivers  and  near  the  mountaiiis, 
are  limited  in  extent,  and  coal  is  so  plentiful  as  to  be  universally  used  for 
fuel.  No  timber  or  lumber  should  ever  be  exported  from  Utah,  nor  are 
they  likely  to  be.  Major  Powell  estimates  the  timber  region  at  18,500 
square  miles;  standing  timber  at  10,000;  milling  timber  at  2,500  square 
miles;  sufficient,  he  says,  for  the  industrial  wants  of  the  country  if  it  can 
be  preserved  from  forest  fires. 

The  elevated  regions  not  only  store  the  moisture  to  fertilize  the  ad- 
jacent lowlands,  but  they  contain  the  mines  of  silver  and  gold,  of  lead  and 
iron,  and  of  other  metals  and  minerals,  and  the  coal. 

The  grazing  lands  lie  in  the  main  between  the  high  timber  lands  and 
the  low  farming  lands.  The  grass  is  scanty,  but  in  great  variety  and  nu- 
tritious. 

Wherever  grass  grows.  Major  Powell  says,  water  may  be  found,  or 
saved  from  the  rains  in  stifficiont  quantity  for  all  the  herds  that  can  live 
on  the  pasturage. 


12  UTAH  TERRITOKY. 

GEOLOGY;  GEOLOGICAL  HISTORY. 

Formation.— In  Clarence  King's  '^Exploration  of  the  Fortieth  Par- 
allel" occurs  the  following : 

"The  greater  part  of  the  rock  of  the  interior  mountain  area  is  a  series 
of  conformable  stratified  beds  reaching  from  the  early  Azoic  to  the  late 
Jurassic  times.  In  the  latter  these  beds  were  raised— the  Sierras,  the 
Wasatch,  and  paralleled  ranges  of  the  Great  Basin  were  the  consequence. 
In  this  upheaval  important  masses  of  granite  broke  through,  accoLipanied 
by  quartz,  porphyries,  feldsite  rocks,  and  notably  sienitic  granite  with 
granulite  and  gretsen  occasionally.  Then  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west, 
and  the  ocean  that  filled  the  Mississippi  basin  on  the  east,  laid  down  a  sys- 
tem of  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  strata.  These  outlying  shore  beds,  subse- 
quently to  the  Miocene,  were  themselves  raised  and  folded,  forming  the 
Pacific  Coast  Range  and  the  chains  east  of  the  Wasatch ;  volcanic  rocks 
accompanying  this  upheavel  as  granite  did  the  former  one.  Still  later  a 
final  series  of  disturbances  occurred,  but  these  had  but  small  connection 
with  the  region  under  consideration. 

"There  is  a  general  parallelism  of  the  mountain  chains,  and  all  the 
structural  features  of  local  geology,  the  ranges,  strike  of  great  areas  of 
upturned  strata,  larger  outbursts  of  gigantic  rocks,  etc.,  are  nearly  par- 
allel with  the  meridian.  So  the  precious  medals  arrange  themselves  in 
parallel  longitudinal  zones.  There  is  a  zone  of  quicksilver,  tin,  and  chromic 
iron  on  the  Coast  Range,  one  of  copper  along  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierras; 
one  of  gold  further  up  the  Sierras — the  gold  veins  and  resultant  placers 
extending  far  into  Alaska;  one  of  silver  with  comparatively  little  base 
metal  along  the  east  base  of  the  Sierras,  stretching  into  Mexico;  silver 
mines  with  complicated  associations  through  Middle  Mexico,  Arizona, 
Middle  Nevada  and  Central  Idaho;  argentiferous  galena  through  New 
Mexico,  Utah  and  Western  Montana ;  and,  still  further  east,  a  continuous 
chain  of  gold  deposits  in  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Wyoming  and  Montana. 
The  Jurassic  disturbance  in  all  probability  is  the  dating  point  of  a  large 
class  of  lodes :  a,  those  wholly  enclosed  in  the  granites,  and  6,  those  in 
metamorphic  beds  of  the  series  extending  from  the  Azoic  to  the  Jurassic. 
To  this  period  maybe  referred  the  gold  veins  of  California,  tliose  of  the 
Humboldt  mines,  and  those  of  White  Pine,  all  of  class  6;  and  the  Reese 
River  veins,  partly  a  and  partly  b.  The  Colorado  lodes  are  somewhat 
unique,  and  in  general  belong  to  the  ancient  type.  To  the  Territory  period 
may  be  definitely  assigned  the  mineral  veins  traversing  the  early  volcanic 
rock;  as  the  Comstock  Lode  and  veins  of  the  Owyhee  District,  Idaho.  By 
far  the  greater  number  of  metalliferous  lodes  occur  in  the  stratified  met- 
amorphic rocks  or  the  ancient  eruptive  rocks  of  the  Jurassic  upheaval ; 
yet  very  important,  and,  perhaps,  more  wonderfully  productive,  have 
been  those  silver  lodes  which  lie  wholly  in  the  recent  volcanic  formations." 

The  Great  Basin.— Major  Powell,  head  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Sur- 
vey, holds  that  what  is  now  the  Great  Basin  was  the  first  part  of  the  West 
to  emerge  from  the  sea.    During  the  whole  of  Mesozoic  time  the  Great 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  13 

Basin  was  drained  into  a  sea  which  covered  the  Wasatch,  the  Uintahs,  and 
the  High  Plateaus — a  sea  in  which  the  lofty  mountains  enclosing  the  great 
parks  of  Colorado  were  a  chain  of  islands.  At  the  close  of  theMesozoic  or 
the  opening  of  the  Cenozoic,  the  uplifting  of  the  continent  between  St. 
Louis  and  San  Francisco  began ;  the  surface  of  the  land  was  broken,  con- 
torted and  distorted  along  innumerable  lines;  the  Great  Plains  and  the 
Great  Basin  were  raised  to  about  their  present  altitude  above  the  sea, 
while  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  Sierra  Madre,  the  Wasatch,  the  Uintah 
and  other  great  chains,  and  that  vast  region  of  plateaus  and  cafions  drained 
by  the  Colorado  River  of  the  West,  were  slowly  carried  on  upward  a  mile, 
two  miles,  ten  miles  higher,  until  the  drainage  was  turned  into  the  Great 
Basin,  which  had  formerly  been  out  from  it.  That  which  before  was  lofty 
was  abased,  and  that  w^hich  before  was  abased  was  reared  aloft.  This  vast 
movement,  or  rather  series  of  movements,  is  supposed  to  be  still  going  on. 
At  times  and  in  places  it  has  been  violent  and  accompanied  by  great  vol- 
canic activity,  but  in  general  it  has  probably  proceeded  almost  impercept- 
ibly, and  may  even  have  been  quiescent  for  long  periods.  In  Millard  and 
Kane  counties  the  evidences  of  volcanic  or  seismic  action,  or  both,  are 
most  distinct. 

The  ranges  of  the  Great  Basin,  Major  Powell  holds  to  be  of  very  recent 
origin,  probably  as  recent  as  late  Tertiary.  These  ranges  he  describes  as 
"  short,  inore  or  less  distinct,  north  and  south  ridges,  separated  by  desert 
valleys,  which  reveal  broad  stretches  of  sub-aerial  gravels  concealing  the 
underlying  formations.''  These  ranges  are  usually  simple  monoclinal 
ridges,  produced  by  the  up-tilting  of  comparatively  rigid  bodies  of  strata 
along  one  side  of  a  vertical  or  nearly  vertical  fault,  suggesting  the  applica- 
tion of  vertical  pressure  from  below.  Volcanic  phenomena  abound  and  are 
intimately  associated  with  the  ridges  of  upheaval.  The  edges  of  these 
upheaved  blocks  have  been  worn  into  rugged,  bristling  and  sierra-like 
forms,  and  modified  by  flows  of  eruptive  matter  from  below.  The  ridges 
are  composed  of  Paleozoic  rocks,  with  Azoic  schists  beneath.  The  eruptive 
rocks  appear  upon  the  flanks  of  the  ridges,  sometimes  partly  masking  them, 
again  cutting  them  transversely  or  obliquely,  and  in  many  ways  compli- 
cating the  topographic  structure.  From  the  fact  that  these  ridges  have 
not  been  eroded  far  back  from  their  lines  of  faults.  Major  Powell  concludes 
that  they  were  never  greatly  upheaved  beyond  their  present  altitudes. 
Still,  each  ridge  is  but  a  small  residuary  fragment  of  the  great  inclined 
block,  and  the  inter-range  spaces  are  filled  with  clays,  sands,  and  gravels, 
the  waste  of  these  blocks,  in  such  manner  as  to  bury  the  underlying  rocks 
over  broad  areas.     The  amount  of  this  transferred  material  is  very  great. 

The  Wasatch  and  the  High  Plateaus.— The  Wasatch  Range  and 
the  High  Plateaus  divide  the  Great  Basin  from  the  country  drained  by  the 
Colorado  River.  That  vast  region  was  in  the  Eocene  covered  by  a  lake  per- 
haps as  large  as  all  the  Canadian  lakes  combined.  During  Cretaceous  and 
Eocene  time  the  Wasatch  and  Uintahs  were  intermittently  rising  and  being 
planed  down  by  erosion  nearly  as  fast  as  they  rose.  Major  Powell  holds 
that  the  upheaval  of  the  Uintahs  has  suffered  a  degradation  in  areas  of  max- 
imum erosion  of  no  less  than  30,000  feet,  and  Captain  Dutton  estimates  the 
degradation  of  the  Wasach  at  50,000  feet.    Sedimentary  beds  6,000  to  15,000 


14  UTAH  TEKRITORl'. 

feet  in  thickness  were  deposited  over  an  area  of  100,000  square  miles.  The 
whole  series  abounds  in  coal  and  carbonaceous  shales  and  remains  of  laxj  i 
plants,  and  this  indicates  that  throughout  that  inconceivable  stretch  of 
time  the  province  as  a  whole  remained  almost  on  a  level  with  the  ocean 
and  that  therefore  the  sedimentary  deposit  must  have  sunk  as  fast  as  ifc  was 
laid  down.  But  faster  than  these  great  ranges  were  devastated  they  con- 
tinued to  rise.  Query :  Had  the  ristpg  of  the  mountains  and  the  sinking 
of  the  sedimentary  deposit  the  relation  of  cause  and  effect,  and  what 
initiated  the  majestic  movement?  Captain  Dutton  is  inclined  to  ascribe 
its  initiation  to  that  mysterous  plutonic  force  whose  operations  never  cease, 
and  which  constitutes  the  hardest  problem  of  dynamical  geology. 

The  Eocene  lake  dried  up  and  disappeared  at  the  close  of  the  Eocene 
period.  Then  began  the  destruction  and  dissipation  of  these  great  bodies 
of  sediment.  Then,  too,  began  the  gradual  elevation  of  the  entire  region, 
which  has  gone  on,  as  "syell  as  the  erosion,  to  the  present  time,  and  is  not 
yet  ended.  Through  the  plexus  of  streams  which  unite  in  the  Colorado 
River,  the  waste  of  the  land  has  been  carried  to  the  Pacific.  This  river 
system  is  older  than  the  structural  features  of  the  country.  Since  the  river 
began  to  flow,  mountains  and  plateaus  have  risen  across  its  track  and  those 
of  its  tributaries.  As  the  mountains  and  plateaus  rose  up,  the  streams  cut 
their  way  through  in  the  same  old  places.  The  course  of  the  streams  was 
determined  by  the  configuration  of  the  old  Eocene  lake  bottom  at  the  time 
the  lake  was  drained.  This  was  a  period  of  slow  uplifting,  and  of  stupen- 
dous erosion  as  well.  The  swells  in  the  bottom  of  the  old  lake  became 
centers  or  axes  from  which  erosion  proceeded  radially  outward,  dissolving 
away  the  strata  in  all  directions.  After  the  lapse  of  a  long  period,  the  new- 
est or  uppermost  stratum  encircled  these  centers  of  erosion  at  a  great  dis- 
tance, the  next  group  below  encircled  them  a  little  nearer,  and  so  on,  JSTorth 
and  west  of  the  Colorado,  five  of  these  centers  are  easily  discerned.  Cap- 
tain Dutton  describes  one  of  these  —  the  San  Rafael  Swell,  lying  between 
the  Green  River  and  the  Wasatch  Plateau.  Standing  on  the  eastern  verge 
of  the  Wasatch,  at  an  elevation  of  11,000  feet,  and  looking^  eastward,  the 
eye  sweeps  a  semi-circle  with  a  radius  of  more  than  seventy  miles.  "  It 
is  a  scene  of  desolation  and  decay ;  a  land  dead  and  rotten,  with  dissolution 
apparent  all  over  its  face.  It  consists  of  a  series  of  terraces,  all  inclining 
upward  towards  the  east,  cut  by  a  labyrinth  of  deep  narrow  gorges,  and 
sprinkled  with  numberless  buttes  of  strange  form  and  sculpture."  There 
are  five  of  these  concentric  lines  of  cliffs.  One  after  another  in  orderly 
succession,  the  whole  stratagraphic  series  from  the  base  of  the  Mesozoic  to 
to  the  summit  of  the  Eocene,  10,000  feet  in  thickness,  have  been  stripped 
off,  and  the  edges  of  the  remaining  portion  form  the  successive  cliffs  which 
bound  the  encircling  terraces—"  cliffs  of  strange  aspect,  winding  in  all 
directions,  until  they  sink  below  the  horrizon,  swing  behind  some  loftier 
mass,  or  fade  out  in  the  distant  haze.  Wonderful,  at  times,  is  the  sculpture 
of  these  majestic  walls,  and  very  striking  the  coloring,  belts  of  fierce  star- 
ing red,  yellow  and  toned  white,  intensified  by  alternating  bands  of  dark 
iron  gray."    Since  the  river  began  to  flow,  its  sources  have  been  rising 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  15 

and  its  slope  increasing.  The  land  is  dissected  by  tlie  river  system,  and 
so  deep  and  elaborate  are  these  cafions  that  it  is  impossible  for  unwinged 
creatures  to  traverse  parts  of  the  country  at  all. 

The  High  Plateaus  are  the  remnants  of  masses  of  Tertiary  and  Creta- 
ceous strata  left  by  the  denudation  of  the  country  to  the  east  and  south. 
Until  near  the  close  of  the  Pliocene  they  were  the  scene  of  great  volcanic 
activity ;  and  the  enormous  floods  of  lava  poured  out  upon  them  preserved 
them  from  degradation.  In  the  Miocene  the  climate  appears  to  have  been 
humid,  and  to  this  period  the  greater  part  of  the  denudation  is  assigned. 
The  Pliocene  is  supposed  to  have  witnessed  the  raising  of  the  Wasatch, 
the  Uintahs,  and  the  High  Plateaus  10,000  to  12.000  feet,  and  of  the  ad- 
joining Great  Basin  area  5,000  to  6,000  feet.  That  was  the  era  of  the  vast 
longitudinal  faulting,  of  the  resulting  volcanic  activity,  and  probably  of 
the  gradual  development  of  our  present  arid  climate.  On  the  west  side, 
the  high  central  zone  of  Utah  is  approached  by  the  long  slopes  of  great 
monoclinal  flexures  or  the  grand  cliffs  produced  by  displacement;  on  the 
east  side,  by  cliffs  of  erosion. 

Lake  Bonneville.— Mr.  M.  E.  Jones,  in  his  "Salt  Lake  City,"  gives 
the  following  spirited  picture  of  the  immediate  valley  of  Great  Salt  Lake, 
with  which  this  topic  may  be  appropriately  ended : 

"In  recent  geological  times  the  lake  covered  most  of  western  Utah; 
the  mountain  ranges  were  islands  or  peninsulas  of  great  length;  the  water 
was  fresh,  1,000  feet  deep,  and  had  an  outlet  through  Red  Rock  Gap, 
where  a  large,  deep,  but  gentle  river  went  to  swell  the  great  Columbia  in 
its  onward  march  to  the  ocean.  The  grandeur  of  this  great  sea  (18,000 
square  miles  in  extent),  as  large  as  Lake  Huron,  with  its  icebergs  floating 
off  from  the  glaciers  which  plowed  their  way  down  the  caQons,  its  trem- 
endous waves,  its  great  rivers,  all  set  in  a  border  of  dense  black  forests, 
and  lit  up  by  long  chains  of  lofty  mountains,  glistening  almost  to  their 
bases  with  perpetual  snow,  can  hardly  be  described  or  imagined.  The 
lake  teemed  with  fish  and  fowl  of  almost  every  variety,  and  the  country 
with  deer,  elk,  buffalo,  mountain  sheep,  bear,  foxes,  wolves,  etc.  The 
beautiful  columbine,  the  pride  of  Utah,  with  its  white,  pink  and  lavender 
blossoms,  grew  on  every  hill;  the  blue  foxglove  and  larkspur  in  every 
valley;  the  open  country  was  carpeted  with  luxuriant  grass.  But  the 
climate  was  gradually  changing;  there  were  periods  when  the  snow  crept 
far  down  the  slopes  and  into  the  valleys,  and  periods  when  it  receded  far 
up  the  mountains ;  but  at  the  end  of  every  cycle  it  was  found  to  be  grad- 
ually disappearing ;  so  the  forests  climbed  the  mountains,  the  valleys  opened 
out  into  magnificent  parks,  covered  with  grass  and  decked  with  mul- 
titudes of  beautiful  flowers,  and  enriched  with  clumps  of  firs  and  scattered 
pines  and  groves  of  deciduous  trees.  Still  greater  changes  came  over  the 
beautiful  land.  The  volcanoes  were  still  in  active  operation,  hurling  ashes 
and  lava  into  the  lake,  belching  out  fire,  and  painting  the  sky  with  the 
omnious  cypress  tree  cloud.  The  river,  the  outlet,  gradually  wore  away 
its  lime-stone  bed  to  a  depth  of  360  feet,  draining  large  areas,  and  now 
the  increasing  warmth  of  the  climate  parched  the  land,  dried  up  the  little 
streams  and  contracted  the  large  rivers  till  the  water  of  the  Lake  no  longer 


16 


UTAH  TEKKITORY. 


flowed  from  the  outlet,  and  the  mineral  matter  in  it  increased  with  the 
evaporation  till  the  fish  all  died.  The  snow  disappeared  from  the  lofty 
mountains,  the  forests  faded  away  in  the  valleys,  leaving  only  cottonwoods 
and  willows  sprinkled  along  the  streams.  The  lake  had  dried  up  to  one- 
tenth  of  its  former  size,  beingaboutseventy-fivemileslongby  fifty  wide,  but 
the  valleys  were  still  covered  with  luxuriant  grass,  the  home  of  much  game 
and  the  most  pleasant  spot  between  the  mountains,  when  the  Indians 
came  and  settled  here.  How  long  they  were  here,  no  one  knows,  but  it 
was  a  long  time,  sufficient  for  a  widespread  opinion  to  get  out  that  some- 
where in  the  great  West  there  was  a  strange  salt  sea  and  fertile  valleys 
held  by  powerful  Indian  tribes." 

CLIMATE;  METEOROLOGICAL;.  SANATORY. 

Temperature  and  Precipitation.  — The  effect  of  residence  in  any 
country,  upon  the  physical  well-being  of  man,  is  mainly  a  question  of 
climate.  In  a  mountainous  district  like  Utah,  the  climate  will,  of  course, 
vary  considerably  with  varying  altitudes  and  exposures.  The  inhabited 
parts  of  the  territory  range,  in  general,  between  4,300  and  6,300  feet  in 
absolute  altitude,  but  70  per  cent,  of  the  population  is  settled  in  valleys 
not  more  than  4,500  feet  higher  than  the  sea,  and  60  per  cent,  of  them  in 
the  valleys  of  Great  Salt  Lake  and  Utah  Lake.  In  this  basin  the  air  is  dry, 
pure,  elastic,  transparent  and  bracing;  and  the  temperature  compares 
favorably,  in  respect  of  equability,  with  that  of  the  United  States  at 
large,  and  especially  with  that  of  Colarado  and  Nevada,  and  the  Terri- 
tories north  and  south  of  Utah. 

The  annual  range  of  temperature  and  amount  of  precipitation  at  Salt 
Lake  City,  may  be  seen  in  the  following  table,  prepared  from  the  records 
of  the  U.  S.  Signal  Service  at  Salt  Lake  City : 

Table  No.  1. — Mean,  extremes,  and  range  of  temperature,  annually j  and 
amount  of  precipitation,  period  extending  from  1875  to  1892^  inclusive. 


YEARS. 

Temperatukb. 

Precip'h. 

Mean. 

Maximum. 

Minimum, 

Range. 

Inches. 

1875  

51.26 
50.64 
51.00 
51.29 
53.20 
54.00 
51.54 
49.20 
50.80 
50.90 
52.30 
51.60 
53.70 
53.00 
52.70 
51.30 
50.60 
52.70 

101 

97 

98 

97 

97 

95 
100 

96 
100 

93.2 
100.3 

99.1 

97.9 

98.2 
102 
100 

98 
100 

5 

7 

3 

5 
-10 

2 

2 

0 
—30 
—13 

4.6 
-2.9 

8.7 
-16.7 

5 
—6 

0 

1 

96 

90 

95 

92 
107 

93 

98 

96 
120 
106.2 

95.7 
102.0 

89.2 
114.9 

97 
106 

98 

23  64 

1876 

1877 

21.28 
16  35 

1878 

1879 

19.75 
13.11 

18s0 

10  94 

1881 

1882 

16.88 
15  98 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

14.24 
17.53 
19.69 
18.89 
11  66 

1888  ... 

13  63 

1889 

18.46 

1890 

10.33 

1891 

1."?  99. 

1892 

101                      13.35 

Average 

51.2 

98.3 

1.5 

99.8                    lfi.20 

UTAH  TEKIUTUKY. 


17 


The  annual  mean  of  Salt  Lake  City  places  it  very  near  the  isothermal 
line  of  50°,  which  crosses  nearly  lo°  of  latitude  on  each  continent,  owing 
to  the  disturbing  influences  of  oceans,  winds,  and  elevations;  starting 
on  Puget  Sound  and  passing  through  or  near  Salt  Lake  City,  Sante  F^, 
Denver,  Burlington,  Pittsburg,  New  Haven,  Dublin,  Brussels,  Vienna  and 
Pekin.  The  summer  and  winter  means  describe  the  same  undulations  in 
traversing  the  continents,  and  they  are  more  indicative  of  the  climate  in 
its  relations  to  animal  and  vegetable  life  than  the  annual  mean.  The 
mean  annual  temperature  of  New  York  and  Liverpool  are  the  same,  yet 
throughout  England  the  heat  of  summer  is  insufficient  to  ripen  Indian 
Corn,  while  the  Ivy,  which  grows  luxuriantly  in  England,  can  hardly 
survive  the  severe  winters  of  New  York. 

The  following  table,  prepared  from  the  records  of  the  Signal  Service, 
exhibits  the  average  of  the  extreme  range  of  temperature,  not  of  the  max- 
imum and  minimum  of  each  day  in  the  month,  but  of  the  single  highest 
and  lowest  reading  in  each  month,  and  also  of  that  day  in  each  month  on 
which  the  range  was  greatest;  the  mean  temperature  by  months;  the 
mean  daily  range;  direction  and  velocity  and  total  movement  of  the 
winds ;  relative  humidity,  precipitation,  etc.,  by  months,  period  of  observa- 
tion extending  from  1875  to  1891  inclusive.  The  figures  under  the  head  of 
"  average  cloudiness,"  give  the  total  actual  cloudiness  from  daily  observa- 
tions. For  the  purpose  of  observation  the  day  is  divided  into  tenths,  the 
cloudy  tenths  noted,  added  together  and  divided  by  the  number  of  days  in 
the  month.  Thus  the  figures  represent  not  50.1  full  cloudy  days  in  the  year, 
but  the  equivalent  of  50.1  full  cloudy  days  distributed  throughout  the  year. 

Tablk  No.  2. — Averages  of  each  month  for  seventeen  years^  of  seasons  and 
years — 2S7d  to  ISiJl,  inclusive;  also  the  average  for  1892. 


Temperature. 


YEAR. 


1 

beg 

'4 

II 

2a  "a 

X  Z 

>» 

•sjy    oxj 

j=i 

-'  o           o 

oja 

1 

Mean 
inea 

Mean 
iuea 

Mean 
mont 

li 


Wind. 


be  . 


£S 


Prec 


S5    55 


December 

January 

February 

Marcli 

April 

May 

June  

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

•  r  Winter 

I  J  Fall 

g  )  Summer  — 

OT  I  Spring 

Year 

Average  for  year  1892 


m.?, 

51.1 

13.6 

44.7 

25.0 

14.6 

28.0 

47.2 

10.5 

48.1 

24.3 

15.7 

as.fi 

5,3.1 

13.6 

46.1 

26.5 

1.5.7 

41.9 

6,5.5 

23.3 

47.8 

32.6 

18.5 

49.9 

72.5 

31.0 

47.0 

35.2 

'iO.l 

58.1 

82.7 

37.4 

50.0 

38.8 

22.2 

67.4 

90.9 

45.2 

49.9 

40.4 

24.4 

75.7 

ft5.4 

53.6 

45.9 

41.5 

24  8 

75.0 

95.0 

52.5 

46.7 

40.4 

24.1 

64.6 

87.1 

1:^.3 

49.5 

.39.5 

23.6 

51.9 

75.6 

30.8 

49.6 

3,5.0 

20.5 

89.2 

61.6 

18.6 

46.2 

30.0 

17.5 

31.6 

.30.6 

12  6 

46.3 

2.5.3 

15.3 

51.9 

73.6 

30.9 

34.8 

34.8 

20.5 

72.7 

93.8 

.50.4 

47.5 

40.8 

24.4 

50.0 

74.8 

,30.6 

48.3 

35.5 

20.3 

61.5 

73.1 

31.1 

47.2 

34.1 

20.1 

-51.2 

1 

61.6     11.2    4S.5 

32.1 

19.8  ; 

S  E 
S  E 
S  E 
N  W 
N  W 
N  W 
N  W 
NW 
S  E 
NW 
N  W 
N  W 
S  E 
N  W 
N  W 
N  W 
NNW 
N  W 


3,032 

3,155 

3,163 

4,151 

4,435 

4,647 

4,425 

4,131 

4,418 

3,846 

3,630 

2,815 

9,:ri0 

10.291 

12,674 

13.233 

45,. 548 

44,976 


65.9 

63.8 
61.7 
53.7 
49.7 
45.7 
39.5 
37.4 
37.5 
38.2 
47.6 
56.3 
63.8 
47.4 
38.1 
49.7 
49.7 
56.8 


1.73 
1.48 
1.35 
2.00 
2.39 
1.66 
0.77 
0.40 
0.75 
0.88 
1.67 
1.36 
4.56 
3.91 
1.92 
6.05 
16.14 
14.08 


5.7 

5.1 

5.2 

4.9 

5.0 

4.3 

8.1 

3.2 

8.1 

2.8 

3.7 

4.4 

16.0 

10.9 

9.4 

lt.2 

50.5 

4.8 


18  UTAH  TERKITOKY. 

The  slight  discrepancy  in  precipitation  between  tables  one  and  two  is 
due  to  the  dropping  of  hundredths  in  averaging  the  months.  In  tropical 
regions  there  is  but  slight  difference  between  the  mean  of  the  hottest  and 
the  coldest  months.  At  Singapore  the  difference  is  3)^°,  at  points  in  Siberia 
it  is  100^,  at  Quebec  it  is  60'',  at  Salt  Lake  City  it  is  46.3°.  A  summer  mean 
of  12.5''  may  seem  high,  but  to  the  denizen  of  Salt  Lake  Valley  the  moun- 
tains are  convenient,  and  the  dry  and  absorbent  nature  of  the  air  and  the 
influence  of  Great  Salt  Lake  constitute  a  modifying  cause,  making  either 
extreme  heat  or  cold  less  oppressive  by  perhaps  10"^  than  the  actual  reading 
indicates.  The  relative  humidity  is  48.9  per  cent.  At  Philadelphia  it  is 
73  per  cent,  at  Denver  49.7  per  cent,  at  Los  Angeles  66.2  per  cent,  at 
Colorado  Springs  55.5.  For  spring,  summer,  and  fall  it  is  45.1  per  cent, 
while  for  summer  it  is  38.1  per  cent.  The  rainfall  is  16.44  inches  a  yeai-. 
In  the  humid  region,  same  latitude,  it  is  40  inches  in  a  year.  Fort  Laramie, 
Sacramento,  Santa  Fe  and  Denver  have  about  the  same  as  Salt  Lake  City, 
while  in  general  east  of  the  100th  meridian  it  is  40  inches,  60  per  cent  of 
which  at  once  goes  off  in  the  surface  drainage.  The  days  on  which  there 
is  precipitation  average  one  in  four,  but  severe  storms  are  very  rare,  and 
the  days  when  the  sun  is  not  seen  are  extremely  few.  The  mean  air  pres- 
sure is  25.63  inches.  Water  boils  at  204.3°.  The  prevailing  winds  are 
from  the  north-northwest,  and  the  most  windy  months  are  April,  May,  and 
June.  The  mean  velocity  of  the  winds  is  5.6  miles  per  hour,  and  the  average 
annual  total  movement  is  45,548  miles.  At  Philadelphia  it  is  100,000;  on 
the  ocean  it  is  150,000.  There  are  no  cyclones,  and  severe  lightning  and 
thunder  are  very  infrequent. 

The  climate  attains  that  medium  between  the  rigor  of  the  great  fresh 
water  lakes  region,  and  the  eternal  summer  of  Florida  and  Southern  Cali- 
fornia, which  makes  it  both  healthy  and  agreeable.  The  normal  winter 
has  thirty  to  forty  days  of  moderately  cold  weather,  with  enough  snow  for 
a  week  or  two  of  sleighing.  Indian  summer  holds  on  to  Thanksgiving, 
while  the  planting  season  begins  in  February.  There  is  comparative 
exemption  from  the  changeable  weather  and  raw  winds  of  spring  in  the 
Korth  and  East.  Only  in  one  month  out  of  five  does  the  range  in  temperature 
exceed  50".  The  sun  shines  perpetually,  the  air  is  invigorating,  the  rapid 
radiation  assures  cool  nights.  But  no  words  or  meteorological  statistics 
can  conyey  an  adequate  idea  of  the  charm  of  the  climate,  which  continues 
to  grow  upon  one  no  matter  how  long  a  resident. 

Hardly  any  form  of  disease  originates  in  Utah,  while  upon  many  dis- 
eases contracted  elsewhere  simple  residence  and  use  of  the  thermal  waters 
in  the  city,  and  of  Great  Salt  Lake  in  the  bathing  season,  are  more  benefi- 
cial than  ordinary  medical  treatment.  There  is  no  malaria,  asthma  is 
impossible ;  the  Utah  Hot  Spriiigs  north  of  Ogden  are  a  specific  for  rheu- 
matism; pyaemia  from  surgical  operations  is  exceedingly  rare;  pulmonary 
complaints  are  stayed  in  their  ravages  if  not  cured;  there  are  none  of  the 
more  virulent  fevers,  and  diphtheria  takes  on  a  relatively  mild  type. 

People  from  boasted  sanitariums  are  constantly  dropping  into  Salt  Lake 
City  and  Valley,  experiencing  relief,  often  unexpectedly,  settling  down  and 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  19 

growing  robust.  Every  Utah  reader  of  these  lines  will  readily  call  to  mind 
examples  of  this  within  his  personal  knowledge.  The  Territory  is  full  of 
octogenarians  enjoying  a  serene  and  hearty  old  age,  who  will  be  super- 
seded by  centenarians  when  the  natives  have  had  time  to  become  such. 

Salt  Lake  City  a  Perfect  High  Altitude  Resort.— Dr.  H.  D. 

Niles,  M.  D.,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  prepared  the  following: 

"The  sanitary  advantages  of  Salt  Lake  City  are, — 

"1.  A  distinctly  local  climate,  apparently  possessing  in  a  marked  de- 
gree the  popular  requirements  of  a  high  altitude  resort. 

"2.  Unexcelled  salt  water  bathing,  the  peculiarities  of  which  may 
indicate  unusual  remedial  virtues. 

"3,  Hot,  warm,  and  cold  sulphur  springs,  of  alleged  marvelous  cur- 
ative properties. 

"A  high  altitude  resort  should  possess  the  greatest  possible  dryness 
and  equability,  an  elevation  of  from  3,500  to  8,000  feet,  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  sunshiny  days  during  the  year  in  which  the  invalid  may  enjoy  out- 
door life,  comparative  freedom  from  wind  and  sand-storms,  a  proper 
temperature,  and  certain  other  qualifications  not  of  a  purely  climatological 
character. 

* 'Dryness.— First  in  importance  is  dryness  of  the  air  as  indicated  in- 
versely by  the  relative  humidity.  Salt  Lake  City's  air  averages  49.7  per 
cent  relative  humidity,  and  consequently  lacks' 50.3  per  cent  of  saturation. 
El  Paso  and  Santa  F^  are  the  only  places  in  the  United  States  where  ob- 
servations have  been  taken  at  which  the  air  has  a  greater  absorptive  ca- 
pacity than  at  Salt  Lake  City. 

"Recent  investigations  have  strengthened  the  prevailing  opinion  of 
the  great  value  of  the  absorptive  and  aseptic  qualities  peculiar  to  dry  air 
in  the  treatment  of  pulmonary  diseases.  It  is  well  known  that  warmth 
and  moisture  favor  decomposition  and  the  generation  of  micro-organisms 
and  lessen  the  vapor  transpiration.  Dry  air,  on  the  contrary,  destroys  or 
retards  germ-life,  in  and  out  of  the  lungs,  and  increases  the  amount  ex- 
haled. The  moisture  thus  exhaled  may  serve  as  a  vehicle  for  the  removal 
of  effete  matter,  wasted  tissue,  and  germs  of  disease. 

"Dr.  Denison,  whose  original  researches  have  added  much  to  our 
knowledge  of  high  altitude  climates,  suggests  an  ingenious  method  for 
calculating  the  excess  of  moisture  exhaled  in  a  cool  dry  air  over  that  in  a 
warm  moist  air.  In  this  calculation  Glaisher's  estimate  of  the  weight  of 
vapor  in  grains  in  air  of  a  given  temperature  is  adopted,  and  it  is  assumed 
that  the  dew-point  in  exhaled  air  is  94^ F.,  and  that  ik is  saturated.  Apply 
this  method  to  the  air  of  Salt  Lake  City  and  Los  Angeles,  in  the  case  of  a 
good  sized  man,  who,  we  will  suppose,  breathes  twenty  times  a  minute 
and  thirty  inches  per  breath  on  an  average,  and  we  find  Salt  Lake's  excess 
in  transpiration  over  Los  Angeles  to  be  about  four  ounces  daily.  The 
remarkable  aseptic  and  absorptive  properties  of  the  air  of  Salt  Lake  City 
unquestionably  have  a  favorable  influence  in  cases  of  surgery. 


20  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

"Atmospheric  Pressure— In  regard  to  altitude,  Salt  Lake  City  is  lo- 
cated immediately  at  the  foot  of  a  range  of  mountains,  and  the  health  seeker 
is  thereby  enabled  to  select  any  altitude  from  4,300  to  8,000  feet  above  sea 
level,  as  may  be  best  suited  to  his  particular  case;  or  he  may  vary  it  as  the 
progress  of  the  case  demands,  and  still  be  near  enough  to  the  city  and  to 
Great  Salt  Lake  to  enjoy  all  their  advantages.  In  rare  cases  where  still  higher 
altitude  is  desirable,  it  may  be  had,  but  at  a  greater  distance  from  the  city. 

"Fair  Days.— Salt  Lake  City  has  an  average  of  277  fair  days  in  the 
year ;  of  the  remaining  88  days,  there  are  very  few  in  which  the  sun  does 
not  shine  a  part  of  the  day.  The  records  of  the  Signal  Service  office  for 
fourteen  years  shows  that  we  have  the  equivalent  of  50.5  full  cloudy  days 
in  the  year,  and  no  more ;   about  one  day  in  a  week. 

"Wind. — The  total  movement  of  the  winds  is  45,548  miles  per  year ;  aver- 
age hourly  velocity,  5,6  miles ;  prevailing  direction  from  the  north-north- 
west. There  is  comparative  freedom  from  high  winds,  and  an  entire  absence 
of  cyclones  and  hurricanes.  High  winds,  like  variability,  have  been  regarded 
as  necessary  evils  of  high  and  dry  places ;  in  other  words,  it  is  the  received 
opinion  that  places  sufficiently  sheltered  by  mountains  to  be  protected  from 
the  winds  cannot  be  very  dry.  Salt  Lake  City  may  be  the  exception  that 
proves  the  rule;  the  city  is  certainly  an  exception  if  such  is  the  rule. 

"Temperature. — With  an  average  annual  mean  of  51.5°,  an  average 
monthly  range  of  47.2°,  and  an  average  daily  range  of  20.1°,  Salt  Lake  City 
has  an  exceptionally  cool  and  equable  climate.  Possessing  the  advantages 
of  seasonal  changes  in  temperature,  these  changes  are  so  gradual  and  the 
air  is  so  dry  that  neither  the  cold  of  winter  nor  the  heat  of  summer  produces 
the  unpleasant  effects  which  they  otherwise  might.  On  the  slopes  and  in 
the  canons  of  the  adjacent  mountains,  in  close  proximity  and  convenient  to 
the  city,  are  places  where  the  invalid  may  find  both  altitude  and  coolness  dur- 
ing July  and  August,  should  an  average  of  75.6°  be  found  too  warm.  From 
1863  to  1888,  inclusive,  there  were  but  twenty-one  days  on  which  the  ther- 
mometer read  below  zero,  and  but  four  years  in  which  it  rose  above  100°  F. 

"A  very  rare,  if  not  unique,  feature  in  the  climate  of  Salt  Lake  City  is 
its  equability,  as  shown  by  a  mean  daily  range  of  about  20°.  Equability 
has  been  regarded  as  belonging  exclusively  to  low  and  humid  regions,  and 
'variability  as  a  distinguishing  attribute  of  all  high  and  very  dry  places.' 

"Mr.  Brice  says:  'It  becomes  a  matter  for  careful  study  to  determine 
wherein  lies  the  happy  mean  between  dry  climates  with  great  daily  range, 
and  moist  climates  with  small  daily  range  of  temperature.'  Other  author- 
ities are  equally  conclusive  that  equability  is  compatible  with  great  dryness* 
The  reply  to  the  climato-therapeutist  who  has  demanded  dryness  and  equa- 
bility combined,  has  been,  'You  ask  that  which  is  impossible.' 

"But  it  is  not  impossible,  since  Salt  Lake  City  possesses  this  combina- 
tion, as  the  Signal  Service  records  of  seventeen  years  prove.  For  spring, 
autumn  and  winter,  when  great  daily  range  is  most  harmful,  the  mean  is 
18.70.  It  is  greatest,  to-wit,  24.4  in  summer,  when  the  temperature  is  high 
at  the  lowest,  and  when  great  diurnal  range  is  agreeable  and  benelicial, 
rather  than  unpleasant  and  harmful.    The  hot  months  are,  without  doubt, 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  21 

the  healthiest  months.  The  mountain  protection  on  the  east  and  the 
presence  of  2.000  square  miles  of  salt  water  on  the  northwest,  undoubtedly 
have  much  to  do  in  producing  this  distinctly  local  climate. 

"Diathermancy  and  Ozone. — It  is  generally  believed  that  diather- 
mancy of  the  air  increases  with  the  altitude,  and  that  ozone  is  most  abun- 
dant in  sea-air  and  the  air  of  mountainous  regions.  The  air  of  Salt  Lake 
City  is  a  mingling  of  sea  and  mountain  air.  To  sum  up,  it  appears  that  in 
point  of  dryness  of  the  air,  equability  of  temperature,  comparative  exemp- 
tion from  high  winds  and  sand  storms,  choice  of  altitude  convenient  of 
access  from  the  city,  between  4.300  and  8,000  feet,  relative  number  of  sun- 
shiny days  in  which  a  patient  may  safely  enjoy  out-door  life,  and  purity  and 
stimulating  quality  of  the  atmosphere,  Salt  Lake  City  possesses  the  nearest 
approach  to  an  ideal  high  altitude  resort  at  present  known. 

"Other  Qualifications.— The  location  of  the  tjity  and  its  soil  are 
favorable  for  perfect  drainage.  The  city  drinking  water  is  from  the  moun- 
tains, comes  out  of  limestone,  and  contains  a  very  small  amount  of  organic 
matter.  The  soil  of  the  adjacent  regions  produces  in  abundance  and  per- 
fect in  quality,  all  the  fruits,  grains  and  vegetables  common  to  the  latitude. 
The  fruits  are  confessedly  more  fair  and  more  highly  flavored  than  Cali- 
fornia fruits,  and  the  wheat  and  potatoes  are  unexcelled  in  quality.  The 
markets  are  well  supplied  with  fresh  fish  (trout),*  and  with  different  kinds 
of  game  in  their  season.  Also  the  home  supply  is  supplemented  by  that  of 
California.  The  almost  perpetual  sunshine,  the  ever  novel  scenery,  the 
fine  drives,  the  trees,  the  lawns,  the  shade,  and  the  softness  of  the  air, 
draw  the  people  much  into  the  open  air. 

"Great  Salt  Lake  Bathing.— The  percentage  of  solid  matter  in  the 
water  is  about  17  as  against  about  2  per  cent  in  ordinary  sea  water.  The 
water  is  free  from  odor.  Possibly  the  quality  and  large  proportion  of 
saline  matter  may  have  a  sanatory  significance.  The  only  body  of  water 
having  so  high  a  specific  gravity,  namely,  1,110,  is  the  Dead  Sea. 

"  The  calnmess  of  the  surface,  the  buoyancy  of  the  water,  its  warmth, 
and  the  fine  beach,  combine  to  render  bathing  and  swimming  in  the  lake 
easy  and  pleasant  exercise  for  the  average  invalid,  and  free  from  many  of 
the  dangers  and  difficulties  attending  ordinary  surf -bathing.  Xo  living 
thing  inhabits  the  waters  of  the  lake,  an  advantage  that  will  be  appreciated 
by  the  sensitive  and  timid. 

"  Spacious  and  commodious  buildings  have  been  erected  at  the  differ- 
ent resorts,  and  every  effort  is  made  to  accommodate  the  rapidly  increasing 
number  of  bathers;  so  that,  the  peculiarities  mentioned  excepted,  these 
bathing  resorts  do  not  materially  differ  from  the  first-class  ocean  resorts. 

"Sulphur  Springs.- Hot  sulphur  springs  boil  out  in  great  volume 
within  the  city  limits.  A  company  pipes  the  waters  into  a  swimming  pool 
and  bathing  house  in  the  heart  of  the  city.  The  water  contains  a  snuiU 
quantity  of  free  carbonic  acid  and  a  large  amount  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen 

*  Lakes  and  private  ponds  swarm  with  German  carp,  and  several  of  the  former  and 
some  of  the  larger  streams  have  been  well  stocked  with  rock  bass,  catfish,  eels,  etc.,  which 
are  growing  and  multiplying  with  gratifying  rapidity. 


22  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

gas.  These  springs,  and  the  natatorium  in  the  city  supplied  from  them, 
arc  largely  patronized,  and  marvelous  stories  are  told  of  their  efiicacy  in 
rheumatie,  syphilitic  and  skin  diseases.*  The  water  of  Great  Salt  Lake  is 
also  piped  into  the  city  and  run  into  an  immense  swimming  pool.f 

"As  a  health-resort,  however,  it  is  only  candid  to  say  that  Salt  Lake  City 
has  some  drawbacks.  There  are  no  regular  resort  hotels.  The  streets  are 
not  paved,  and  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  city  is  not  what  it  should  be.J 

"Sewerage  is  now  being  put  in.  The  pavements  and  the  resort  hotels 
will  soon  follow.  Street  cars  will  soon  run  by  electricity  on  thirty  miles  of 
the  streets  (they  are  already' running  on  several  routes),  good  lighting  •\vlll 
accompany  this  improvement,  plenty  of  water  will  be  provided,  dust  and 
mud  will  be  banished,  and  in  the  near  future  the  health-seeker  will  find  in 
Salt  Lake  City  not  only  everything  that  contributes  to  the  health  and  com- 
fort of  the  invalid,  but  a  most  beautiful  city  in  which  to  live."§ 

A  Natural  Sanitarium.— The  following  letter,  written  from  St. 
George,  Utah,  under  date  of  December  30,  1888,  by  Mr.  George  H.  Wyman, 
is  so  full  of  suggestions  and  experiences  of  value  to  the  intelligent  searcnfer 
after  the  "right  spot,"  as  to  be  of  special  value  in  this  connection: 

"It  has  seemed  to  me  that  it  might  be  sufficiently  useful  to  my  country- 
men, especially  of  the  Eastern  States,  to  warrant  my  giving  my  experience 
of  Utah  as  having  a  climate  favorable  to  the  restoration  of  invalids.  It  is 
only  for  those  having  lung  difficulties,  and  asthma  in  particular,  these  re- 
marks are  intended.  For  the  last  twenty  years  my  search  has  been  pretty 
constant  to  find  the  most  favored  region  to  live  in,  where  a  cure,  or  at  least 
comfort,  could  be  obtained.  At  first,  because  convenient,  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board was  tried,  and  at  many  of  the  most  noted  watering-places.  It  did 
not.  Then  I  tried  the  Lake  Superior  region  and  the  pine  woods  of  Michi- 
gan, and  two  or  three  trips  to  the  Adirondacks.  After  that,  for  a  couple  of 
months  in  summer,  I  was  in  Denver  and  the  hills  west  of  the  Snowy  Range. 
This  was  much  better,  and  for  three  or  four  years  I  did  well,  but  the 
seasons  of  out-door  life  were  not  long  enough.  The  cold,  rough  winds 
came  early.  On  the  Pacific  Coast  I  tried  Santa  Barbara,  Los  Angeles, 
d:nd  San  Diego,  with  the  adjacent  mountains.  The  mountain  climate 
was  good,  but  in  the  fall  and  winter  the  constant  rains  and  fog  rendered 
that  region  unsatisfactory.  I  tried  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  The 
objection  to  the  latter  Territory  in  the  winter  time  was  its  severe  winds. 
Its  high  table-lands,  and  lying  just  south  of  the  Rockies,  brought  a  strong 
wind,  making  out-door  life  uncomfortable.  In  many  places  named  on 
the  Pacific  Coast  I  found  scores  of  invalids  from  the  Eastern  States, 
hoping  to  profit  something  from  their  stay  through  the  winter.  It 
became  certain  to  my  observation  that  only  when  they  could  rough  it 

*  They  are  known  to  be  almost  a  specific  in  kidney  troubles,  if  not  too  complicated. 

t  The  waters  have  since  been  piped  and  are  now  used  in  a  natatorium  in  the  heart 
of  the  city.  In  addition  to  this,  the  finest  water  for  culinary  purposes  is  brought  in 
through  an  underground  conduit  from  Parlej^'s  Canon,  ten  miles  distant. 

X  All  this  is  now  completely  changed,  as  the  writer  would  readily  admit  if  here. 

§  Salt  Lake  City  has  now  only  electric  cars,  running  on  more  than  forty  miles  of 
track  inside  the  city  proper;  also  an  excellent  sewerage  system  in  full  operation. 


UT.UI  TERRITORY. 

in  a  clear,  dry  atmosphere  did  they  make  any  headway  against  disease. 
And  so  it  seems  to  me  that  wherever  such  class  of  invalids  can,  both 
summer  and  winter,  find  most  suitable  for  outdoor  exercise  and  pastime, 
that  place  is  best  for  them.  This  is  the  result  of  my  observation  and  ex- 
perience. For  the  last  ten  years  it  has  been  my  habit  to  spend  the  spring 
and  summer  months  at  Salt  Lake  City,  in  Utah,  and  in  the  adjacent  moun- 
tains, Parley's  Park,  Pleasant  Valley,  Ophir,  and  the  Cottonwoods,  going 
into  the  hills  s^  early  in  summer,  and  as  high  up  the  mountains  as  I  found 
convenient,  and  in  the  fall  I  came  to  St.  George,  in  the  extreme  southern 
part  of  Utah,  for  winter.  I  have  been  best  suited  with  St.  George  for  the 
simple  reason  that  I  find  it  sufficiently  w^arm,  and  with  less  storms  of 
wind,  rain,  or  snow  than  any  place  I  know.  So  that  one  can  drive  out  here 
with  more  sunshine  to  cheer  him  during  the  winter  days  than  in  any  place 
I  have  mentioned,  and  with  less  annoyance  from  wind,  dust,  or  rain.  St. 
George  is  a  quiet  town,  of  perhaps  1,000  inhabitants,  and  bordering  on  the 
Virgin  and  Santa  Clara  rivers  a|  their  junction. 

"The  soil  is  sandy  and  produces,  besides  the  ordinary  field  crops, 
cotton,  a  large  variety  of  fruits,  and  the  valley  is  noted  for  its  fine  grapes 
and  excellent  wine.  To  get  here  from  Salt  Lake,  after  reaching  the  ter- 
minus of  the  railroad  at  Milf  ord,  there  are  about  100  miles  to  go  by  wagon. 
An  invalid  unused  to  our  ways  of  travel  might  regard  this  journey  as  seri- 
ous. If  obliged  to  come  by  stage,  and  without  a  rest,  it  might  be  so,  but 
if  he  comes  with  his  own  team,  and  a  proper  camping  outfit,  he  is  just  be- 
ginning to  get  well,  and  can  pursue  his  cure  at  his  convenience  all  the 
way  here,  and  be  much  stronger  and  happier  because  of  his  journey. 
There  will  be  some  mountains  to  cross,  7,000  or  8,000  feet  above  sea  level, 
but  with  good  roads.  Half  the  distance  over,  the  traveler  begins  to  de- 
scend  into  this  valley,  the  upper  part  of  which  is  liberally  covered  wiih 
black  basaltic  rocks.  At  St.  George  there  are  large,  pleasant  fields  free 
from  rock?,  and  well  cultivated.  My  way  of  getting  here  has  always  been 
to  drive  all  the  way  from  Salt  Lake.  One  needs  a  carriage  of  his  own 
here,  and  it  is  desirable  to  come  with  Lis  team  if  he  can.  For  pastime  a 
gentleman  could  buy  a  lot  and  indulge  in  grape  culture.  If  he  likes  shoot- 
ing, there  are  wild  geese,  ducks,  and  quail  here  in  winter.  All  the  need- 
ful things  to  live  on  are  to  be  had,  and  good  milk,  honey,  and  wine  can  be 
bought  at  almost  every  house.  About  the  first  of  May  it  is  generally  de- 
sirable to  leave  here  for  the  north.  I  am  satisfied  there  are  many  invalids 
who  would  be  more  likely  to  recover  health  here  than  in  any  of  the  places 
I  have  mentioned,  but  my  recommendation  is  to  those  only  whose  condi- 
tion will  admit  of  camping  out,  and  an  out-door  life  generally." 

Effect  on  Consumption. — The  following  pathetic  appeal  was  re- 
ceived by  Prof.  M.  E.  Jones,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  from  B.  L.  Bonsall,  of 
Delair,  N.  J. ,  under  date  of  August  10,  1889 : 

'■'■Dear  Sir: — 'We'  received  a  copy  of  Marcus  E.  Jones's  pamphlet 
through  your  courtesy. 

''As  one  of  the  editorial  'we,'  I  am  a  doomed  man  if  I  remain  here, 
and  may  be  anyhow,  no  matter  where  I  go. 


24  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

'•But,  having  the  means  to  try  other  climates,  I  must  confess  your 
pamphlet  has  influenced  me  greatly. 

"What  causes  me  to  hesitate  most  about  starting  for  Salt  Lake  this 
month  is  the  fact  that  our  doctors  all  agree  that  to  go  west  or  northwest 
to  spend  winter  would  be  suicidal,  because  of  severity  of  season,  etc.,  be- 
ing as  bad  as  our  own.  Go  southwest  they  say,  or  south,  but  Utah  is  not 
southwest,  but  as  far  north  as  Colorado,  which  is  claimed  to  be  all  right 
for  summer,  but  a  poor  place  for  winter. 

"Physicians  say  I  am  not  in  the  last  stages,  and  although  I  had  three 
hemorrhages  last  Sunday,  I  have  been  favored  with  strength  to  be  about 
my  room  again,  and  will  make  the  trip  to  Utah  alone,  if  I  come  at  all. 
Now,  shall  I  come,  or  would  you  advise  a  warmer  place?  Are  your  winters 
only  six  weeks  long  and  are  they  mild  enough  for  a  man  with  lung  trouble?' ' 

And  this  is  Mr.  Jones's  reply,  addressed  to  The  Salt  Lake  Tribune: 

^''Editor  Tribune: — The  subjoined  letter  is  a  sample  of  what  I  frequent- 
ly receive  from  various  parts  of  the  country.  Some  lives  may  be  saved  by 
giving  this  to  the  public  and  by  answering  its  questions. 

"I  did  not  send  the  gentleman  a  copy  of  the  pamphlet,  nor  do  I  know' 
who  did. 

"Before  answering  this  letter  I  consulted  two  of  our  leading  physicians, 
to  be  sui*e  that  I  made  no  error.  They  say  emphatically  that  'this  is  just 
the  time  to  come,'  for  from  now  till  Christmas  the  weather  is  liable  to  be 
perfectly  uniform,  no  sudden  changes,  but  getting  gradually  cooler  day 
by  day  and  becoming  more  and  more  bracing.  From  Christmas  till  the 
last  of  January  is  our  brief  winter,  which  is  more  like  the  flurries  of  snow 
in  November  than  a  real  winter.  The  temperature  may  go  to  zero  for  one 
night,  or  even  some  lower,  but  the  air  is  so  dry  that  the  cold  will  not  be 
felt  as  much  as  the  damp,  chilling  air  of  New  Jersey,  20  to  30  degrees 
higher.  Our  winds  are  slight  and  we  have  less  sudden  changes  by  fifty 
per  cent  than  any  place  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

"It  is  true  that  we  are  about  on  the  same  parallel  as  Northern  Colo- 
rado ;  it  is  also  true  that  Alaska  is  north  of  or  on  the  same  parallel  as  Lab- 
rador, but  Sitka,  Alaska,  has  the  same  climate  as  Virginia.  The  climate 
of  Salt  Lake  is  milder  than  that  of  Santa  F6,  New  Mexico.  We  are  free 
from  the  terrific  winds  and  chilling  storms  that  sweep  down  from  the 
Rockies.  It  is  not  often  that  we  have  a  week's  sleighing  in  the  whole 
winter.  We  are  in  a  beautiful  valley  protected  on  all  sides  but  the  south, 
from  which  comes  warm  breezes  in  winter.  Colorado  may  be  all  right  in 
summer  (t  doubt  it),  but  Salt  Lake  can  be  depended  upon  all  the  year 
around. 

"  The  doctors  say  that  the  fact  that  Mr.  Bonsall  had  a  hemorrhage,  is 
all  the  more  reason  why  he  should  come  at  once  to  avoid  a  recurrence  of 
them. 

" If  he  is  in  the  last  stages  he  will  probably  die  on  the  way;  but  if  he 
is  not,  I  do  not  hesitate  to  advise  him  to  come  without  delay.  A  warmer 
climate  will  only  debilitate  instead  of  invigorate  him. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  25 

"Yes,  our  winters  are  only  six  weeks  long  on  an  average.  I  have 
picked  wild  flowers  on  the  bench  back  of  the  city  on  February  15  or  there- 
abouts nearly  every  year  since  1  came  here,  and  last  winter  I  found  one 
in  bloom  on  January  1.  It  was  a  hold  over.  The  ground  was  slightly 
frozen  at  the  time  and  it  was  too  cold  for  new  flowers  to  come  out. 

"  Our  winters  are  certainly  mild  enough  for  people  with  lung  troubles, 
and  not  only  that,  they  are  very  beneficial. 

"  The  low  altitude  and  great  dryness  of  Salt  Lake  place  us  at  the  head 
of  all  pulmonary  sanitariums. 

"  Let  the  consumptives  come  and  see  for  themselves.  They  will  die  if 
they  stay  at  home.  If  this  does  not  help  them,  they  might  as  well  settle 
here  and  live  while  they  can,  for  I  know  of  no  other  place  that  will  help 
them."' 

FARMING;  STOCK-RAISING. 

Agricultural  College. — An  agricultural  college  and  station  has 
been  established  at  Logan,  the  capital  of  Cache  County.  The  board  of 
trustees  as  now  organized  includes  William  S.  McCornick,  Salt  Lake  City, 
president ;  William  N.  Brown,  Provo ;  Christian  F.  Olsen,  Hyrum ;  Roberj. 
W.  Cross,  Ogden ;  Melvin  B.  Sowies,  Salt  Lake  City ;  John  E .  Hills,  Provo , 
James  T.  Hammond,  Logan.  JohnT.  Caine,  Jr.,  is  secretary  of  the  board, 
and  H.E.  Hatch,  treasurer.  The  faculty  are :  Jeremiah  W.  Sanborn,  B.  S., 
president,  professor  of  agriculture;  Evert  S.  Richman,  M.  A. S., professor 
of  horticulture  and  botany ;  William  P.  Cutter,  B.  S. ,  professor  of  chemistry ; 
Abbie  L.  Marlatt,  B.  S.,  professor  of  domestic  economy;  J.  M.  Sholl, 
professor  of  mechanical  engineering ;  Alonzo  A.  Mills,  B.  S.,  farm  superin- 
tendent. The  station  staff  is  organized  as  follows:  J.  W.Sanborn,  B.  S., 
director;  E.  S.  Richman,  M.  A.  S.,  horticulturist  and  entomologist:  W. 
P.  Cutter,  B.S.,  chemist;  A.  A.  Mills,  superintendent  of  experiment  work; 
J.  R.  Walker,  clerk  and  stenographer;  H.  E.  Hatch,  treasurer.  A  farm- 
house, a  laboratory,  a  barn,  and  two  cottages  are  being  built  at  a  cost  ol 
over  $14,000,  the  legislature  of  the  Territory  having  aided  the  station  with 
liberal  appropriations  for  buildings,  live  stock,  etc.  Eighty-five  acres  of 
ground  are  devoted  to  experimental  purposes.  The  Territorial  Legislature, 
now  in  session  (January  1892),  has  before  it  a  bill  for  a  liberal  appropria- 
tion to  aid  the  college,  and  still  further  extend  its  field  of  operations  and 
increase  its  usefulness. 

Irrigation.— The  area  of  irrigable-arable  land  in  Utah  has  been  given 
under  a  previous  head.  Although  crops  are  grown  in  favorable  spots  with- 
out irrigation,  yet  irrigation  is  indispensable  to  the  Utah  farmer.  With 
the  canals  and  acequias  made,  watering  costs  at  the  outside  $3.50  per  acre; 
and  it  enriches  the  land  and  assures  a  full  crop.  If  water  can  be  so  dis- 
tributed as  not  to  run  over  and  off  from  the  land,  it  is  held  that  it  will 
impart  more  of  the  elements  of  plant  growth  than  the  harvest  extracts.  A 
certain  forty  square  miles  in  Valencia,  Spain,  under  the  canals  of  the  Turia, 
sustain  70,960  souls,  besides  the  population  of  the  city  of  Valencia.    At  one- 


26 


UTAH  TEREITORY. 


fourth  of  this  density,  Utah's  irrigable-arable  lands  will  sustain  1,250,000 
souls.  Civilization  is  indigenous  only  in  rainless  countries,  where  man 
controls  seed-time  and  harvest.  Any  farmer  in  the  world  might  well" 
choose  to  do  his  own  watering  (if  he  could),  rather  than  be  at  the  mercy 
of  the  capricious  skies  which  bend  above  the  so-called  humid  regions.* 

Twelve  years  ago  there  were  10,000  miles  of  acequias,  large  and  small, 
watering  as  many  small  farms  in  the  valleys  of  Utah.  Ko  doubt  the 
farms  and  the  miles  of  irrigating  channels  have  both  increased  in  number 
fully  100  per  cent  since  that  time.  The  necessity  for  irrigation  tends  to 
keep  down  the  size  of  farms,  and  this  tends  to  high  cultivation.  With  a 
strong  and  fertile  soil,  an  unclouded  sky,  a  clear  atmosphere,  an  equable 
climate,  reliable  seasons,  plenty  of  water,  and  a  multitude  of  husbandmen 
relatively  to  the  acres  cropped,  if  our  product  per  acre  does  not  double 
that  of  the  older  States  we  have  nobody  but  ourselves  to  blame.  Ijtature 
has  done  her  part.  Our  cereals,  fruits,  and  vegetables  are  of  superior 
quality,  and  many  things  which  never  grew  under  Utah  skies  are  in  East- 
ern markets  ticketed  as  Utah  productions. 

Crops.— The  report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1888,  pp.  431-32, 
is  the  authority  for  the  following  table:— 


PRODUCT. 

Average  yield 

per  acre,  whole 

country. 

Average  yield 
per  acre  in  Utah. 

Average  price 

per  unit,  whole 

country. 

Average  price 
per  unit,  in  Utah, 

Corn,  bushels 

Wheat .-. 

20.1 
18.1 
10.1 
25.4 
19.6 
56.9 
1.10 

21.6 
19.0 

8.3 
26.5 
82.2 
90.0 

1.20 

S    .444 
.681 
.545 
.304 
.519 
.682 
9.97 

$    .75 
.61 

Rye 

Oats 

.47 
.43 

Barley 

58 

.36 

Hay  tons 

6.90 

A  Bulletin  of  the  Agricultural  Department,  published  in  December, 
1890,  has  the  following  table  :— 

Average  fai'm  price  of  Agricultural  Products,  December  2,  1890.'. 


General  average 
Utah  average 


__; 

__; 

0) 

3 

1 

^ 
a 

«- 
?.-• 

1 

t 

ft 

M 

M 

s 

A 

s  « 

•S-^ 

» 

"S 

P. 

A 

^  J2 

I 

^ 
^ 

3 

i 

<2 

.501/, 

.84 

.63 

.43 

.65 

.58 

.78 

.68 

.78 

.63 

.55 

.75 

.78 

.75 

$7.74 
8.00 


The  same  report  (of  1888)  shows  the  average  cash  value  per  acre  of 
farm  products  in  the  whole  country  for  1887,  and  for  Utah  as  follows : 


UTAH  TERHITOKY 


27 


PRODUCT. 


Utah. 


Corn 

Wheat... 

Rye 

Oats... 
Barley  . . 
Potatoes. 
Hay 


«16.20 
11.50 

3.90 
11.40 
12.87 
32.41 

8.28 


Total 


506.65 


The  result  is  seven  per  cent,  in  favor  of  the  Utah  farmer,  and  in  this  is 
necessarily  reckoned  considerable  dry  farming.  We  place  no  great  reliance 
on  these  figures,  but  they  are  probably  as  accurate  for  Utah  as  for  other 
parts  of  the  country.  Yet  any  one  who  lives  in  Utah  and  sees  the  third 
heavy  cutting  of  alfalfa  per  season,  will  have  his  own  opinion  about  the 
yield  of  1.2  tons  per  acre.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  three-fourths  of  the  land 
mown  in  Utah  is  alfalfa,  and  the  average  yield  is  nearer  eight  tons  per 
acre  than  1.2  tons. 

In  another  table,  in  the  same  report,  Utah  is  credited  as  follows :  to- 
wit : 


PRODUCT. 

Crop  1887. 

Av.  yield 
per  acre. 

Acres  in 
each  crop. 

Value  per 
unit. 

Total 
Value. 

Corn,    bushels 

Wheat,       "      

Rve,           "      

Oats,           '•      

Barley        " 

285,000 

1,971,000 

19  000 

786,000 

660,000 
1,088,000 

194,763 

21.6 
19.0 

8.3 
26.5 
22.3 
90.0 

1.2 

13,197 

103,738 

2,287 

29,658 

39,750 

13,084 

163,302 

$0.75 
.61 
.47 
.43 
.58 

$  213,750 
1,202,310 

2.r,9S0 

Potatoes     '*        .  .           .  ..  . 

.36  i           391,680 
6.90 1       1,343,858 

Total 



353,016 

$3,881,308 

Area.  —  In  an  Agricultural  Department  Crop  Bulletin,  published  in 
December,  1890,  the  following,  concerning  Utah  crops  of  1890,  occurs: 


PRODUCT. 

Acres. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Corn 

35,175 
130,251 

38,491 

739,000 
2,279,000 
l,a59,000 

8  .•502,299 

1,777,937 

5S2,177 

Wheat 

Oats                             .  .. 

This  shows  an  increase  over  1877,  in  acres,  of  forty  per  cent;  in  bush- 
els, of  thirty-four  percent;  in  value,  of  seventy-three  percent. 

The  table,  it  will  be  seen,  includes  corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  pota- 
toes and  hay  only,  and  exhibits  a  very  gratifying  enlargement  of  farming 
operations  in  three  years.    Adding  the  area  in  all  other  crops,  inclusive  of 


28  UTAH  TEKKITORY. 

gardens  and  orchards,  beets  and  sugar  cane,  we  should  have  fully  half  a 
million  acres  planted,  and  realize  from  it  all  not  far  from  $10,000,000.  In 
acreage  cultivated,  Utah  exceeds  either  Wyoming,  New  Mexico,  Idaho, 
Arizona,  Nevada,  Delaware,  Rhode  Island,  Montana,  or  Colorado. 

Yield  and  Quality  of  Products.— The  amount  and  value  of 
Utah's  principal  products  for  1891  are  as  follows: 

Product.  Acres.  Bushels.  Value. 

Corn        (72c.  per  bushel) 8,776  165,067  $118,848  24 

Wheat    (80c.           "          ) 110,114  2,409,454  1,927,563  20 

Oats        (47c.          "          ) 32,763  1,132,218  532,142  46 

Rye         (6lc.          "          ) 3,759  45,204  27,574  44 

Barley    (50c.          "          ) 7,358  212,546  106,273  00 

Potatoes (aSc.          "          ) 7,845  935,874  496,013  22 

Hay  ($13.58  per  ton) 80,647        (tons)120,572  1,637,367  76 

Total ". $5,845,782  32 

Wheat. — Fair  Utah  wheat  ranks  in  the  East  with  the  best  No.  2  red, 
which  is  the  highest  grade  that  appears  in  most  of  the  Eastern  markets. 
The  choicest  varieties  are  a  unique  product  with  scarcely  an  equal  in 
America.  Utah  wheat  has  a  brighter,  larger  kernel  than  that  of  the  East, 
and,  though  no  handsomer  than  that  of  California,  it  is  firmer,  and  its 
nutriment  more  concentrated.  As  high  as  sixty  bushels  per  acre  have  been 
raised  here,  but  the  average  yield  is  not  more  than  thirty. 

The  largest  wheat  regions  are  in  Cashe  and  Utah  Counties,  closely 
followed  by  San  Pete,  Salt  Lake  and  Weber  Counties.  The  great  staple  is, 
however,  raised  throughout  the  entire  Territory.  Utah  wheat  rarely  falls 
in  price  below  one  cent  per  pound,  free  on  board. 

Oats. — ^Parties  who  are  keeping  up  work-horses  pay  25  to  30  per  teen 
more  for  Utah  oats  of  ordinary  quality  than  for  a  fair  grade  of  Eastern. 
Utah  oats  have  ranged  in  price  during  recent  years  from  1}^  to  1^  cents 
per  pound  on  cars.  Large  farms  have  been  known  to  realize  an  average 
of  eighty-five  bushels  to  the  acre  by  high  cultivation. 

Barley. — Usually  Utah  barley  is  of  magnificent  appearance.  In 
recent  years,  brewing  barley  has  been  exported  to  St.  Louis,  Milwaukee, 
California  and  other  points,  where  it  grades  up  to  the  best  Canadian  brew- 
ing. It  is  the  use  of  this  barley  that  gives  Utah  beer  so  high  a  standard. 
Indeed,  the  White-club  brewing  barley  will  hold  its  own  anywhere  as^ 
strictly  fancy  product. 

Rye. — There  are  a  few  cars  of  rye  annually  offered  at  figures  over  one 
cent  per  pound.    The  quality  is  superb  and  the  yield  fair. 

Corn. — Utah  does  not  rank  as  a  corn  country,  and  rarely  has  any  for 
export.  The  hot,  sultry  nights  which  corn  requires  are  not  characteristic 
of  the  climate.  Still,  it  must  not  be  supposed  that  farmers  cannot  raise 
corn  in  Utah,  as  more  than  oOO,000  bushels  are  annually  produced. 

Grasses.— In  the  improvement  of  Utah  lands,  there  remains  untilled, 
and  scarcely  prized,  a  considerable  area  of  rough  ground  too  dry  for  grass 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  29 

and  too  broken  and  stony  for  grain.  This  is  now  being  utilized  for  alfalfa, 
which  succeeds  almost  anywhere  in  Utah.  All  the  other  tame  grasses 
common  to  this  latitude  do  well  in  Utah. 

Potatoes.— The  Utah  potato  has  a  reputation  for  excellence  all  over 
America,  and  even  in  Great  Britain.  For  many  years  great  quantities 
have  been  exported  from  the  Territory. 

The  bulk  of  the  potatoes  raised  and  marketed  are  Early  Rose,  Early 
Goodrich,  Willard  and  the  Peerless.  The  King  of  the  Early,  Peerless  and 
Compton's  Surprise,  yield,  in  favored  localities,  about  400  bushels  to  the 
acre.  With  high  cultivation  800  bushels  have  been  raised  to  the  acre. 
With  proper  treatment  potato-growing  does  noK  impoverish  the  land, 
some  of  the  best  results  coming  from  ground  tha^  has  been  in  potatoes  for 
the  last  twenty  years. 

Other  Roots.— Utah  has  a  good  reputation  for  rarrots,  which  some- 
times jield,  of  good  quality,  as  much  as  1,000  bushels  to  the  acre;  also, 
for  tomatoes,  onions,  turnips,  parsnips,  radishes,  etc.  Beets  thrive  well; 
large  tracts  of  low-lying  lands  on  the  western  side  of  the  ?alt  Lake  Valley, 
and  elsewhere,  are  now  planted  in  sugar  beets  for  th«J  manufacture  of 
sugar.  These  find  a  ready  market  at  profitable  figures  at  the  Lelii  Sugar 
Factory,  which  now  supplies  a  great  percentage  of  Utah's  sugar.  (See 
next  page.) 

Green  Stuffs. — Of  green  stuffs  Utah  annually  exports  considerable 
quantities  of  cabbages,  cauliflowers,  melons,  squashes  and  (^elery — the 
latter  growing  exceptionally  fine. 

Hops  are  also  native  to  Utah,  their  trailing  vines  overrunning  every 
other  kind  of  foliage  in  many  of  the  canons.  One  or  two  parties,  notably 
on  the  Provo  Bench,  have  heeded  this  suggestion,  and  are  now  growing  a 
superior  quality  of  hops. 

The  net  value  of  these  garden  products  in  1889  has  been  carefully 
estimated  at  $2,550,000,  and  in  1890  at  considerably  more,  and  a  further 
increase  for  1891  is  noted. 

Alfalfa. — The  greatest  farm  crop  of  Utah  is  alfalfa.  On  good  soil 
with  plenty  of  water  it  is  cut  three  or  four  times  in  the  season,  the  total 
yield  approaching  eight  tons  per  acre.  The  third  growth  is  usually 
allowed  to  seed.  After  threshing,  it  is  still  pretty  good  fodder.  It  is  held 
that  the  ground  is  benefited  by  its  growth.  The  roots  go  deep  for  moisture 
and  sustenance,  and  there  is  a  perpetual  rain  of  the  leaves  upon  the  soil. 
It  is  not  adapted  to  other  than  dry  climates.  Steady  sunny  weather  is 
required  to  cure  the  heavy  growth.  It  brings  the  grower  $5  to  $10  per  ton, 
and  he  gets  5  or  6  cents  per  pound  for  the  seed;  400  pounds  of  seed  is  a 
heavy  yield  per  acre,  yet  not  uncommon.  Both  hay  and  seed  find  a  market 
in  adjoining  Ten-itories.  It  is  better  than  anything  but  corn  for  fatting 
steers  for  market,  unless  the  grain  is  ground  and  mixed.  A  steer  consum- 
ing 33  pounds  per  day  will  put  on  one  pound  additional  weight,  thus  by 
the  animal  mechanism  transforming  a  ton  of  alfalfa  into  thirty  pounds  of 


30  UTAH  TERRITOKY. 

fat  beef.  It  is  a  beauty  forever  in  the  landscape;  once  well  seeded  there  is 
nothing  to  do  but  water  and  cut  and  make  .hay  of  it  and  feed  it.  Every 
year  in  Utah  its  culture  widens.  It  is  far  the  best  crop  the  Utah  farmer; 
can  grow,  potatoes  possibly  excepted,  and  it  is  the  easiest  grown.  Among! 
the  crops  it  is  what  the  labor-saving  machinery  is  to  human  muscle.  It  is- 
an  untold  treasure  in  Utah  and  in  all  the  arid  region.  He  must  be  a  poor! 
farmer  who  cannot  make  $40  an  acre  per  year  out  of  alfalfa. 

Sugar  Beets. — Investigation  having  shown  that  Utah,  with  a  soil  and 
climate  perfectly  adapted  to  the  growth  of  sugar  beets,  was  yearly  paying 
abroad  about  one  million  dollars  for  sugar,  a  company,  called  the  Utah 
Sugar  Company,  was  recently  organized  with  ample  capital,  the  shares} 
subscribed,  the  subscriptions  called  in,  and  a  plant  costing,  altogether, 
$400,000,  and  capable  of  crushing  daily  350  tons  of  beets  and  turning  out 
40  tons  of  refined  sugar,  has  been  put  in  near  Lehi,  Utah  County,  thirty 
miles  south  of  Salt  Lake,  and  for  the  greater  part  of  two  years  has  been 
running  to  nearly  its  full  capacity.  The  sugar  is  the  finest  grade  of 
granulated,  has  a  slightly  reddish  tinge,  and  its  sweetening  qualities  are 
equal  to  the  best.  It  is  now  to  be  found  in  nearly  every  grocery  store  and 
on  nearly  every  table  in  Utah. 

The  Sugar  Company  issued  a  circular  urging  farmers  to  grow  sugar 
beets,  and  offering  to  pay  $4.50  per  short  ton  of  beets  delivered  at  the  fac- 
tory. This  is  the  highest  price  paid  for  beets  in  any  part  of  the  world. 
A  man  who  understands  himself  can  grow  30  tons  per  acre  on  good  ground 
having  sufficient-water,  and  at  a  cost  not  greatly  exceeding  that  of  an  acre 
of  corn.  This  industry  opens  a  new  and  considerable  source  of  revenue  to 
the  already  fortunate  farmer  of  Salt  Lake  Valley  and  other  parts  of  Utah. 
It  will  take,  perhaps,  3,000  acres  to  feed  this  mill,  and  Utah  consumes  the 
utmost  sugar  output  of  three  or  four  such  mills. 

Bear  River  Valley  Lands.— The  big  irrigating  enterprise  of  the 
Bear  River  Canal  Company  has  been  mentioned  before,  and  also  the  ap- 
propriation of  Bear  Lake  as  a  reservoir  by  the  company.  The  latter  step 
forever  assures  the  supply.  The  headworks  for  the  canals  are  in  Bear 
River  Canon.  A  canal  of  1,000  second-cubic  feet  capacity  is  taken  out 
on  each  side  of  the  river.  That  on  the  left  bank  is  carried  down  along  the 
base  of  the  mountains  about  forty  miles  to  Utah  Hot  Springs.  In  this 
vicinity  a  branch  is  led  off  toward  the  lake,  where,  around  Plain  City, 
there  is  a  large  body  of  warm,  sandy,  rich  land.  The  main  canal  goes  on 
to  Ogden.  There,  exchanged  with  the  users  of  Weber  River  water,  the 
latter  is  to  be  taken  out  high  up  in  Weber  Canon  and  carried  out  upon 
the  sand  ridge  south  of  Ogden. 

The  canal  on  the  right  bank,  when  it  reaches  the  valley-plain,  strikes 
up  the  valley  diagonally  three  miles  to  near  the  Toponce  Ranch,  where  it 
is  carried  over  the  Malad,  here  100  feet  below  its  banks,  on  an  iron  viaduct 
costing  $30,000.  Thence  it  is  led  around  the  northeastern  edge  of  the 
valley  past  Point  Lookout  and  the  Walker  Ranch  toward  Blue  Creek, 
about  forty  miles.  Soon  after  reaching  the  plateau  it  throws  off  one  branch 
which  goes  down  near  Bear  River  past  Corinne  to  the  lake;  about  30  miles. 


UTAH  TEKRITORY.  31 

It  throws  off  a  second  branch  west  of  the  Malad,  which  runs  southward  to 
near  Little  Mountain,  and  then  westward  to  the  main  canal. 

The  Canal  Company  offer  these  lands  for  sale  at  $25  to  $35  an  acre, 
which  includes  $10  for  perpetual  right  to  one  cubic  foot  of  water  per 
second  for  each  80  acres.  The  yearly  rental  or  maintainance  tax  it  is  pro- 
posed to  put  at  $1.50  or  $2.00  an  acre  of  land  watered.  The  irrigating 
works  were  planned  by  eminent  engineers ;  the  canal  owners  have  water 
power  and  city  (  Ogden )  water  works  to  look  after,  which  will  compel 
them  to  maintain  the  works  in  good  repair.  The  water  may  be  depended 
upon  absolutely.  The  valley  can  hardly  be  excelled  in  the  world  for 
beauty  of  surroundings,  ease  of  access,  convenience  to  markets,  fertility, 
climate,  all  that  makes  land  desirable  and  valuable.  Improved,  $40  an 
acre  can  be  realized  from  it  in  profits  every  season  by  a  thrifty  and  enter- 
prising man.  The  valley  can  be  made,  and  some  day  will  be,  a  garden 
twenty  miles  long  by  ten  miles  wide.  Other  irrigating  and  settlement 
inducing  companies  have  been  organized. 

A  Typical  Case. — The  following  statement,  based  on  actual  experi- 
ence, and  made  by  one  of  ihe  most  intelligent  farmers  in  Utah,  shows  the 
prime  cost  of  settlement;  what  he  has  done  and  what  may  be  done  with  a 
typical  farm  of  forty  acres,  well  irrigated  land  and  properly  handled 

Expenditure. 

First  cost  40  acres  of  land  and  water  right,  $40.00  per  acre $1,600.00 

One  mile  of  fence  (4  wire) 140.00 

Dwelling  hou.se,  complete 600.00 

Stable,  barn  and  sheds  260.00 

Clearing,  plowing  and  harrowing  40  acres 150.00 

100  shade  trees : 15.00 

200  fruit  trees 30.00 

10  acres  planted  to  alfalfa  and  seed  20.00 

20  acres  wheat  and  seed  30.00 

4  acres  of  potatoes,  seed  and  planting 20.00 

5  acres  of  oats  10.00 

Water  rental 80.00 

Total .' $3,955.00 

First  yearns  returns^  harvested. 

800  bushels  of  wheat,  60  cents  per  bushel $480.00 

1,200  bushelsof  potatoes,  50  cents  per  bushel 600.00 

2.50  bushels  of  oats,  f  1.00  per  bushel 250.00 

10  acres  of  alfalfa  and  seed  (M  return) 150.00 

Total $1,480.00 

The  above  statement  show^s  a  net  earning  of  50  per  cent,  or  one-half 
the  total  amount  invested,  for  the  first  year's  work. 

Value  of  Improved  Farm  Lands.— Improved  farm  lands  in  Utah 
range  in  value  from  $5  to  $225  an  acre,  averaging  $40  to  $50.  They  are  rap- 
idly appreciating  in  price,  however,  and  it  begins  to  be  seen  that  every 
acre  subject  to  water,  or  that  can  be  made  subject  to  water,  is  intrinsically 
worth  $100.  Lands  about  Grand  Junction,  Col.,  entirely  similar  in  char- 
acter and  not  so  favorably  situated  as  the  lands  of  Utah  and  Salt  Lake  Val- 
leys, five  years  planted  in  fine  fruit,  have  been  held  by  their  owners  against 
offers  of  $500  per  acre.  There  is  not  much  public  farming  land  to  take  up ; 
H>  a  rule  it  naust  be  bought.     It  is  limited  in  amount,  substantially,  re- 


32  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

moved  from  the  influence  of  Eastern  competition;  its  market  is  in  the 
growing  towns  of  this  and  adjoining  Territories,  in  the  mines,  and  among 
the  manufacturing  classes.  Products  always  command  fair  prices  in  cash. 
There  are  other  streams  in  the  Territory  where  the  Bear  River  Canal  irri- 
gating scheme  can  be  profitable  duplicated.  There  is  undoubtedly  five 
times  the  present  cultivated  area  to  be  reclaimed  by  the  storage  of  water 
and  turning  it  upon  the  thirsty  soil  in  the  dry  season. 

Union  Pacific  Lands  in  Utah.— The  following  is  from  the  Salt 
Lake  Journal  of  Commerce : — 

"The  work  of  the  Government  with  respect  to  irrigation,  if  properly 
performed,  may  lead  to  the  settlement  of  millions  of  acres  of  land  in  the 
arid  regions  of  the  West  which  now  are  lying  untilled  for  the  want  of  a 
supply  of  water  for  irrigation.  One  only  need  traverse  the  rich  ranges 
that  rest  along  the  eastern  flanks  of  the  Wasatch  and  note  the  fertile  char- 
acter of  the  soil,  to  be  convinced  that  only  water  service  is  needed  to  make 
vast  tracts,  now  wholly  unoccupied,  become  most  attractive  as  well 
as  productive.  Yet  it  must  not  be  supposed  that  all  the  lands  open 
for  settlement  lack  water  supply.  In  the  rich  valleys  of  the  northern 
water-shed  of  the  Uintah  Mountains,  both  in  Wyoming  and  Utah,  there 
remain  unfenced  and  unimproved  large  districts  inviting  to  the  plow  and 
to  which  an  ample  water  supply  can  be  conveyed  easily  from  unappropri- 
ated sources.  Other  tracts  cannot  be  irrigated,  yet  make  excellent  graz- 
ing lands,  while  still  others  can  be  converted  into  fields  and  pastures  if 
ever  the  government  will  reach  forth  its  aid  toward  the  building  of  reser- 
voirs and  canals,  which  settlers  cannot  think  of  contemplating  at  their 
own  cost. 

"Of  these  lands  a  large  proportion  are  owned  by  the  Union  Pacific 
Railway  Company,  and  most  favorable  terms  are  now  being  offered  to 
settlers,  the  terms  of  payment  being  easy,  and  large  concessions  made  to 
bona-fide  purchasers  who  improve  the  country.  Of  such  lands,  no  fewer 
than  half  a  million  acres  of  the  most  varied  character  are  for  sale  in  Utah 
alone;  and  from  this  area  there  are  surelysome  very  desirable  homesteads 
to  be  selected.  On  the  growth  and  settlement  of  the  surrounding  country 
depends  much  of  Salt  Lake  City's  future  greatness,  and  we  would  like  to 
see  every  cultivable  acre  of  this  ground  under  the  plow  and  yielding  the 
fruits  of  the  earth  for  the  sustenance  of  the  thousands  who  are  moving 
hitherward. 

Government  Aid  to  Irrigation.— Congress  has  begun  to  look  into 
the  subject  of  irrigation  in  the  arid  region,  and  a  Washington  correspond- 
ent of  the  Salt  Lake  Tribune^  reports  Captain  Dutton,  of  the  U.  S.  Army, 
in  charge  of  the  field  engineering  works,  as  saying : 

"  There  are  two  ways  in  which  this  gigantic  problem  can  be  solved : 
One  is  that  Congress  shall  appropriate  the  money  to  create  the  system  of 
irrigation  required,  and  that  the  Government  shall  then  sell  the  land  at  its 
improvt  d  value  to  those  who  want  to  buy.  In  my  opinion,  the  money  thus 
received  would  more  than  pay  for  the  expenditure. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  33 

•'  The  second  practicable  scheme  is  that  the  Government  shall  grant  to 
individuals  or  corporations  all  the  lands  that  they  will  redeem,  providing 
that  the  grantees  shall  construct  works  on  plans  endorsed  by  the  Govern- 
ment, and  subsequently  dispose  of  the  lands  on  terms  approved  by  the 
Government  and  the  department. 

"  'And  which  of  these  plans  is  likely  to  be  adopted?'  asked  your  cor- 
respondent. 

''Neither,  so  far  as  I  can  see.  Either  is  bound  to  meet  with  the 
strongest  opposition  in  Congress  —  so  strong,  indeed,  that  I  don't  see  how 
it  can  possibly  get  through. 

"  '  Is  not  much  of  this  water  that  it  is  proposed  to  use  the  property  of 
private  individuals  and  companies?  ' 

"Yes;  and  that  point  is  not  unlikely  to  give  rise  to  complications. 
You  see,  the  United  States  Government  has  relinquished  control  over  the 
waters  to  be  utilized,  and,  as  the  law  now  stands,  anybody  in  the  dry 
region  can  establish  a  claim  over  as  much  water  as  he  wants  by  simply 
filing  what  is  called  an  appropriation,  providing  only  that  he  does  not  in- 
terfere with  any  previous  claim.  But  this  trouble,  1  take  it,  could  be 
easily  gotten  over ;  for  it  has  frequently  been  decided  legally  that  no  one 
can  own  running  water.  Even  the  canal  companies  are  in  law  merely 
common  carriers  of  water,  and  the  rates  they  charge  are  subject  to  regu- 
lation. 

'•  'And  the  available  water,  properly  applied — ?  ' 

"  Would  do  wonders,  of  course.  Vast  tracts  of  land  worth  to-day  10 
cents  an  acre  would  be  given  a  market  value  of  from  $50  to  $100  an  acre. 
The  effect  of  irrigation  on  the  producing  powers  of  any  soil  is  marvelous. 
In  the  Mississippi  Valley,  which  has  rain  and  not  irrigation,  the  average 
yield  of  wheat  is  fourteen  bushels  per  acre ;  the  Western  irrigated  land 
rewards  the  husbandman  with  a  harvest  of  twenty-six  to  twenty-eight 
bushels  per  acre.  It  is  the  same  way  with  other  cropv.  Alfalfa,  you 
know,  is  the  great  vegetable  product  of  the  arid  region.  It  is  a  plant  from 
the  Mediterranean,  and  the  most  useful  forage  known ;  it  will  fatten  horses, 
sheep  and  cattle  surprisingly;  it  is  hay,  but  more  than  hay  —  like  exag- 
gerated clover,  as  tall  as  timothy  grass,  affording  three  crops  a  year,  of 
two-and-a-quarter  to  two-and-a-half  tons  to  the  acre.  It  is  to  the  West 
what  corn  is  to  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  its  future  in  the  agriculture  of 
that  part  of  the  country  is  enormously  promising,  supposing  that  irriga- 
tion becomes  an  accomplishediact.  The  cattle  of  Uncle  Sam's  domain 
are  born  in  the  West,  and,  instead  of  leaving  them  to  die  of  starvation  in 
the  cold  months,  as  formerly,  it  has  lately  become  the  fashion  to  winter 
them  on  alfalfa,  and  this  has  already  created  an  almost  unlimited  demand 
for  the  fodder. 

*' '  The  irrigation  proposed  is  by  canals?  ' 

**  By  canals,  presumably,  with  huge  reservoirs  in  which  water  will  be 
stored  during  the  spring  floods,  and  from  which  it  will  be  let  out  grad- 
ually in  the  dry  season." 


34  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

Dan.  De  Quille  on  the  Great  Basin.  —  "But  first  let  the  interior  of 
the  continent  be  reclaimed  and  settled.  The  people  of  th€  East  are  now 
sufficiently  strong  to  build  their  own  irrigation  canals  and  ditches,  if  they 
want  them.  It  will  probable  take  some  of  them  fifty  or  a  hundred  years 
to  find  out  that  what  is  good  for  a  garden  is  also  good  for  a  field.  It  is  the 
great  interior  that  should  first  receive  the  attention  of  the  Government — 
the  region  in  which  are  supposed  to  lie  the  '  lands  for  the  landless.'  The 
lands  are  there,  but  the  'landless'  will  not  go  to  them  while  they  are  water- 
less. Let  a  proper  system  of  irrigation  be  established  for  one  large  experi- 
mental tract,  and  the  landless  will  be  gathered  there  ready  to  accept  the 
terms  offered  settlers,  before  the  cement  of  the  dams  is  dry.  About  that 
reservoir  (if  the  land  shall  be  properly  sub-divided)  will  soon  be  seen  a 
village  settlement  as  dense  as  are  those  below  the  great  tanks  of  India  and 
Ceylon. 

"  Millions  may  (and  one  day  will)  find  homes  in  what  is  now  looked 
upon  as  little  better  than  a  desert.  The  soil  is  the  best  and  strongest 
in  America.  It  cannot  be  overtasked  or  worn  out.  The  lands  of  Mon- 
tan:i,  Idaho,  Utah,  Nevada,  Arizona,  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  are  capa- 
ble of  supporting  a  more  dense  population  than  any  other  in  the  United 
States,  wherever  water  can  be  procm*ed. 

"  With  the  present  and  promised  railroad  facilities,  it  will  be  an  easy 
matter  to  ship  all  surplus  ranch  products  to  either  the  Atlantic  or  Pacific 
seaboard.  What  is  now  looked  upon  as  being  almost  out  of  the  world 
will  soon  be  seen  to  be  in  its  exact  center. 

There  is  now  no  other  West  than  that  which  lies  between  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Sierras.  The  country  is  now  pretty  well  built  up  on 
the  two  sides.  The  only  opening  is  in  the  middle.  The  people  of  the 
Atlantic  States  who  rush  to  California  to  acquire  property  and  "  grow  up 
with  the  country  "  make  a  great  mistake.  Many  of  them  found  that  out 
when  struck  in  the  face  with  the  prices  there  asked  for  real  estate.  If 
their  desire  was  to  grow  in  wealth  with  a  country,  they  should  have  gone 
to  a^country  not  already  wealthy.  California  will  do  for  wealthy  invalids 
wto  can  pay  fortunes  for  an  orange  grove,  in  the  shade  of  which  to 
sigh  out  the  other  lung;  but  for  men  of  moderate  means,  possessed  of 
lungs  which  they  wish  to  keep,  the  new  and  growing  States  and  Terri- 
tories between  the  two  great  mountain  ranges  is  the  place. 

Typical  Place  for  a  Colony. — In  Southern  Nevada  a  colony  of 
Eastern  people,  who  want  a  warm  climate  and  immunity  from  all  lung 
troubles,  may  buy  for  a  song  a  region  that  is  even  now  a  little  Eden, 
and  which  will  yet  become  the  paradise  of  America.  It  is  a  land  of 
almost  perpetual  sunshine,  and  all  know,  who  know  anything  of  pulmon- 
ary complaints,  that  sunshine  and  freedom  from  fogs  and  damps  is  what 
the  consumptive  or  weak-lunged  must  have  to  get  new  life.  They  must 
get  far  away  from  the  sea  and  swamps  and  regions  of  cloudy  skies. 

In  the  southern  part  of  Lincoln  County,  Nevada,  on  the  borders  of 
the  Colorado  river,  where  is  a  grand  stream  half  a  mile  wide,  is  a  beautiful 
land  large  enough  for  all  the  consumptives  in  New  England.  It  is  the 
land  of  the  lemon  and  the  orange  — 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  36 

"  Knowest  thou  the  land  where  the  lemon  trees  do  bloom, 
And  oranges  like  gold  in  leafy  gloom , 
A  gentle  wind  from  deep  blue  heaven  blow?, 
The  myrtle  thick,  and  high  the  laurel  grows? 

'Tis  there !  'tis  there, 
O  my  beloved  one,  I  with  thee  would  go ! " 

It  is  the  land  of  which  Mignon  sang  to  Wilhelm  Meister  — the  land 
she  saw  in  her  dreams. 

There  side  by  side  grow  the  olive  and  the  plum,  orange  and  apple, 
lemon  and  peach,  fig  and  apricot,  pear  and  pomegranate  —  a  land  of  the 
grape,  almond  and  walnut.  Also  it  is  a  land  of  cotton,  sugar  cane  and 
tobacco,  corn,  wheat,  oats  and  all  other  kinds  of  grain.  There,  too,  grow 
to  perfection  all  kinds  of  kitchen  vegetables — melons,  squashes,  beans, 
sweet  potatoes,  yams,  pea-nuts,  and  everything  grown  in  any  place  in 
America,  north  or  south.      % 

Two  crops  are  grown  yearly  on  the  same  land.  It  is  first  sown  in 
small  grains— wheat,  barley  and  oats — which  are  harvested  about  the  first 
of  June;  it  is  then  planted  in  corn,  beans,  potatoes,  beets,  cabbages,  on- 
ions, turnips,  squashes,  melons  and  other  such  garden  vegetables. 

These  lands  are  on  the  Rio  Virgin  and  the  Muddy.  In  the  valley  of 
the  Muddy  (it  deserves  a  better  name)  are  many  thousands  of  acres  of 
land  which  may  be  irrigated  by  means  of  the  supply  of  water  afforded 
by  the  stream.  Over  5,000  acres  was  irrigated  by  the  Mormons  during 
their  occupancy  of  the  country,  but  by  constructing  storage  reservoirs 
more  than  twice  that  area  might  be  watered.  The  soil  is  deep,  of  a  red- 
dish color  and  very  rich.  It  is  filled  with  lime  pebbles,  and  as  the  waters 
of  the  streams  contain  carbonic  acid  these  pebbles  are  slowly  dissolved 
and  feed  the  soil.  All  the  country  is  limestone.  In  1869  there  were  fifty 
Mormon  families  on  the  Muddy.  At  Los  Vegas  Valley  there  were  some 
twenty-five  families,  and  others  in  other  valleys  in  the  same  neighbor- 
hood. At  Los  Vegas  bursts  up  out  of  the  limestone  a  spring  that  pours 
out  the  year  round  a  stream  of  350  miner's  inches  of  water.  Near  by,  on 
the  Rio  Virgin,  is  a  great  mountain  of  rock  salt,  so  transparent  that  a 
newspaper  may  be  read  through  a  block  of  it  a  foot  in  thickness. 

In  the  fall  of  1870  all  the  settlers  were  ordered  out  of  this  region — 
were  made  to  return  to  Utah  by  command  of  Brigham  Young.  Nearly 
every  family  obeyed,  but  it  was  with  weeping  and  wailing  that  they  left 
their  beautiful  homes  in  this  paradise  of  the  Great  Basin.  After  their  de- 
parture all  went  to  ruin.  Houses  and  fences  were  burned  and  destroyed, 
and  all  grew  to  be  a  sort  of  semi-tropical  wilderness. 

There  are  now  only  a  few  settlers  in  all  this  beautiful  region.  A  colony 
could  buy  their  right  for  a  small  sum.  They  are  too  few  and  too  poor  to 
help  themselves.  Of  all  that  the  soil  can  produce  they  have  a  super- 
abundance, but  they  are  hundreds  of  miles  from  any  market.  A  railroad 
would  place  them  in  the  center  of  the  world,  almost.  They  could  dash 
down  to  Los  Angeles,  "by  the  sea,"  in  a  few  hours,  or  in  a  few  hours 
could  be  in  Salt  Lake  City. 


36  UTAH  TEKRITORY. 

A  colony  of  New  Englanders  in  this  garden  spot  of  the  Continent 
would  have  means  and  influence  to  at  once  have  the  Salt  Lake  and  Los 
Angeles  railroad  put  through.  While  the  road  was  building  they  could 
have  a  little  iron  propeller  running  up  and  down  the  Colorado,  for  that 
river  is  navigable  and  free  of  all  obstructions  (with  a  great  depth  of 
water)  all  the  way  from  Callville  to  the  Gulf  of  California. 

From  Callville  the  settlers  would  have  only  a  short  distance  to  trans- 
port their  goods  by  team,  and  all  the  way  over  a  level  road. 

The  mouth  of  the  Rio  Virgin  on  the  Colorado  is  only  800  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea;  the  valley  of  the  Muddy,  1,115  feet;  Los  Vegas,  2,095; 
Hiko,  3,700.    Almost  any  desired  elevation  is  to  be  found. 

On  the  whole  continent  no  better  place  is  to  be  found  in  which  to 
establish  such  a  colony  as  has  been  mentioned.  All,  too,  would  speedily 
grow  rich,  as  well  as  sound  in  health.  It  would  be  a  very  different  thing 
from  planting  a  colony  in  a  desert,  as  has  befen  tried  in  Lower  California. 
My  colony  would  be  composed  of  well-to-do  folk  —  people  able  to  plant 
themselves. 

To  reach  their  destination  the  people  would  go  to  Needles  by  rail  and 
then  take  their  own  little  iron  steamer  up  the  Colorado  to  Callville.  How- 
ever, let  them  go  to  their  little  domain  by  team  or  on  foot,  the  indications 
at  present  are  that  there  would  be  a  railroad  passing  by  as  soon  as  they  had 
got  comfortably  settled  and  had  anything  to  send  to  market.  No  other 
region  would  be  so  near  to  the  north  with  tropical  fruits  by  several  hun- 
dred miles. 

There  are  a  thousand  industries  in  this  great  interior  region  to  engage 
the  attention  of  the  industrious  settler  —  scores  of  which  are  unknown  in 
the  East.  In  the  older  States  a  mountain  is  a  pile  of  rock  and  earth  out  of 
which  nothing  of  value  can  be  obtained,  and  a  valley  is  a  patch  of  corn  or 
potato  ground,  and  nothing  more.  Here  nearly  every  mountain  contains 
the  precious  or  the  useful  metals,  and  in  the  valleys  are  bottomless  beds 
of  minerals.  At  the  same  time,  the  soil  of  both  valleys  and  mountain 
slopes  is  the  strongest  and  most  productive  in  the  world,  being  composed 
of  lava  and  other  volcanic  rocks  that  decomposing  form  a  soil  not  only 
virgin  but  also  rich  in  all  kinds  of  mineral  conducive  to  the  growth  of 
every  kind  of  vegetation.  It  is  well  known  that  on  the  slopes  of  Vesu- 
vius, in  a  soil  consisting  almost  wholly  of  decomposed  lava,  are  some  of 
the  finest  vineyards  and  most  beautiful  and  productive  gardens  in  the 
world.  Our  Great  Basin  region  is  all  Vesuvius  slope.  All  it  requires  is 
a  little  water  on  the  "slope."  Put  on  the  water  and  at  once  is  seen  an 
"  eruption  "  of  vegetation. 


UTAH  TERRITORY. 
STOCK  AND  SHEEP. 


87 


Statement  showing  number  of  horses,  mules,  asses,  cattle  and  sheep 
assessed  in  Utah  Territory  for  the  years  1890,  1891  and  1892,  and  the 
assessed  value  for  1892. 


HORSES  AND  MULES. 

Counties.  1890. 

Beaver 2,574 

Box  Elder 4,477 

Cache 6,262 

Davis 5,060 

Emery 2,626 

Garfield 2,032 

Grand  1,131 

Iron 1,875 

Juab 2,097 

Kane 2,145 

Millard 4,891 

Morgan 1,233 

Piute 2,464 

Rich 2,366 

Salt  Lake 

San  Jnan 791 

San  Pete 5,002 

Sevier 3,902 

Summit 3,308 

Tooele 3,682 

Utah 6,781 

Uintah 3,149 

Wasatch.... 2,000 

Washington 1,965 

t  Wayne 

Weber 4,082 

Total 75,895 

♦No  report.    fNew  county ;  no  report  before  1892. 


Assessed 

1891. 

1892. 

Value. 

2,513 

2,634 

$     76,182 

6,724 

* 

112,225 

7,869 

7,980 

321,950 

3,145 

3,100 

132,145 

2,616 

2,962 

106,750 

1,208 

3,438 

89,745 

1,504 

1,488 

36,030 

2,202 

2,082 

71,790 

2,093 

2,031 

71,285 

8,160 

2,791 

85,143 

3,662 

2,792 

72,980 

1,329 

1,383 

44,22.5 

2,053 

1,310 

31.724 

2,174 

2,380 

83.264 

8,438 

7,060 

309,175 

1,035 

1,044 

30,000 

4,995 

5,832 

200,610 

2,790 

4,126 

126,940 

2,911 

2,982 

128,587 

3,704 

5,016 

103,728 

7,657 

8,403 

329.206 

3,542 

3,836 

92,079 

2,360 

2,387 

86,085 

2,397 

2,635 

88,915 



3,119 

42,671 

4,498 

4,646 

213,040 

85,579 

87,457 

$3,084,473 

CATTLE. 

eOUNTIES.  1890. 

Beaver  « 6,392 

Box  Elder 10,094 

Cache 9,988 

Davis 9,538 

Emery 9,707 

Garfield 9,024 

Grand  23,643 

Iron 6,706 

Juab 2,790 

Kane 9,801 

Millard 6,206 

Morgan 3,547 

Piute 9,415 

Rich 9,307 

Salt  Lake 

San  Juan 27,392 

San  Pete 9,711 

Sevier 10,513 

Summit 8,845 

Tooele 4,844 

Utah  „ 12,013 

Uintah 11,494 

Wasatch 9,383 

Washington 10,402 

tWayne „ 

Weber 6,841 

Total 237,496 

*No  report,    t^ew  county;  no  report  before  1892. 


Assessed 

1891. 

1892. 

Value. 

6,740 

9,287 

$    99,217 

13,297 

* 

147,498 

12,913 

11,937 

142,510 

5,530 

5,264 

78,684 

5,530 

15,001 

112,305 

6,266 

16,279 

140,128 

19,593 

17,513 

176,490 

8,968 

8,315 

96,142 

3,117 

4,734 

46,390 

12,949 

13,655 

179,162 

8,605 

5,988 

60,085 

3.333 

3,635 

39,170 

4,-582 

2,063 

20,630 

8,503 

8,489 

91.006 

8,126 

6,567 

136,807 

26,362 

29,722 

294,720 

10,161 

10,958 

125,486 

14,719 

10,067 

104,908 

8,966 

8,364 

113,879 

5,061 

6,071 

80,145 

12,059 

13,883 

177,150 

9,469 

8,791 

70,941 

10,211 

6,917 

76,500 

10,209 

17,329 

195,980 

.. 

8,582 

85,820 

6,976 

7,274 

103,720 

242,235      255,675        $3,000,872 


38  UTAH  TERRITORY 

SHEEP. 

Counties.                                           1890.  1891.  1892.  "Value. 

Beaver 48,061  97,826  35,567  $    71,134 

Box  Elder 80,215  97,593  *  90,285 

Cache 4,010  1,758  8,521  17,488 

Davis 4,962  10,783  4,703  7,916 

Emery 156,440  21,410  75,695  166,670 

Garfield  16,311  26,402  26,775  53,550 

Grand  14,000  9  18 

Juab 132,220  143,611  57,257  114,451 

Iron 41,642  48,967  54,080  106,980 

Kane 85,346  96,025  49,740  99,480 

Millard  180,088  190,000  48,075  96,150 

Morgan 947  4,568  4,407  6,506 

Piute f 27,440  36,735  11,944  23,885 

Rich 4,201  6,640  *                    

Salt  Lake 201,538  5,788  8,279 

San  Juan  6,100  9,850  12,200  18,305 

San  Pete 2,423  105,138  216,272  432,544 

Sevier 31,967  22.989  56,258  112,518 

Summit  8,304  4,923  8,285  12,035 

Tooele  189,088  162,469  187.167  365,431 

Utah ,     63,347  101,605  74,306  148,280 

Uintah 41,115  41,165  37,425  56,168 

Wasatch 9,322  10,731  15,000  30,000 

Washington  11,843  14,680  15,212  30,425 

tWayne 21,495  42,990 

Weber 4,903  13,990  20,799  41,616 


Total 1,150,295  1,485,392    1,045,080      $2,153,107 

*  No  report. 

t  New  county ;  no  report  before  1892. 

Increase  for  the  year : 

Number.       Per  Cent. 

Horses  and  Mules 1,876  .2 

Cattle 13,440  .5 

Sheep 440,312  29.6 

Wool  clip  for  the  year  (estimated),  lbs 12,000,000 

Number  of  cattle  exported  (estimated) 42,000 

Number  of  sheep  exported  (estimated) 650,000 

The  corporation  formed  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  stock  yard 
near  Salt  Lake  City  have  erected  the  necessary  buildings,  and  are  now 
receiving  and  shipping  stock. 

Inclusive  of  desert,  bench  land,  mesa  and  mountain  side,  there  are, 
perhaps,  10,000  square  miles  of  cattle  and  sheep  lauds  in  Utah,  sustaining 
300,000  head  of  horned  cattle,  100,000  horses  and  mules,  1,500,000  sheep*^ 
and  other  animals  in  due  proportion.  (The  assessors'  rolls  do  not  show 
quite  so  much,  but  that  is  easily  accounted  for;  the  real  figures  would 
show  even  more  than  the  foregoing.) 

Many  Utah  men  graze  their  flocks  and  herds,  besides,  in  adjoining 
Territories,  and  quite  a  percentage  of  the  wool  shipped  away  by  Utah  is 
grown  by  men  who  live  over  the  border,  but  who  market  their  clip 
from  Utah.  The  wool  crop  of  1891  was  over  12.000,000  pounds.  The 
average  per  fleece  is  about  six  pounds.  The  output  of  beef  cattle  and 
mutton  sheep  yearly  is  very  considerable. 


UTAH  TERRITORY. 


GOLD  AND  SILVER  MINING. 

Output  to  Date. — From  the  commencement  of  mining  in  Utah,  in 
1871,  to  the  close  of  1891,  twenty  years,  the  total  output  of  silver,  gold, 
lead  and  copper,  rating  silver  at  its  coining  value,  as  the  U.  S.  Mint  officers 
always  do,  and  lead  and  copper  at  their  average  yearly  price  in  New  York, 
reaches,  in  round  numbers,  $175,000,000  in  value. 


TABULATED  STATEMENT. 


-Refined  Lead. 


Amount. 

Pounds. 

1879 2,301,276 

1880 2,892,498 

1881 2,645,373 

1882 8,213,798 

1883 3,230,547 

1884 4,840,987 

1885 


1887 2,500,000 


Total. 


2,359,540 
6,082,800 
8,170,000 

40,445,619 


Value. 

$  103,557.42 
144,624.90 
145,495.51 
410,690.00 
161,527.00 
169,434.54 

gVeeV.'ii 

111,750.00 

'89,66'2'.52 

203,312.00 
246,800.00 


, Unrefined  Lead. 

Amount.       »  "Value. 

Pounds. 

28,315.369 

25,6.57,643 

38,222,185 

52,349,850 

63,431,964 

56,023,893 

54,318,776 

48,456,260 

45,678,961  • 

44,567,157 

59,421,730 

63,181,817 

80,356,528 


$1,796,521.23  657,982,123 


$    592,095.57 

641,444.75 

955,554.62 

1,361.096.00 

1,585,799.00 

980,418.12 

1,222,176.46 

1,405,2.31.54 

1,196,788.77 

1,203,313.23 

1,378,584.13 

1,895,454.51 

2,410,695.84 

ei6,828,652.54 


SILVER.  GOLD  AND  COPPER. 


-Silver. 


Amount. 

Ounces. 

1879 3,732,247 

1880 3,663,133 

1881 4,958,345 

1882 5,425,444 

1883 4,531,763 

1884 5,669.488 

1885 5,972,689 

1886 5,918,842 

1887 6,161,737 

1888 6,178.855 

1889 7.147,651 

1890 8,165,586 

1891 8,915,223 


Value. 


Amount. 
Ounces. 


-GOLD.- 


Value. 


Amount. 
Pounds. 


-COPPER.- 


Value. 


^1.106,351.70 
4,029,,501.30 
5,503,762.95 
6,114,874.00 

15,732 
8,020 
6,982 

$298,908.00 
160,400.00 
139,640.00 
180,780.00 





9,039 

605,880 

$    75,735.00 

4,984,939.00 
6,123,017.04 

6.991 

139,820.00 
110,600.00 

5:530 

63,372 

6,337.20 

6,221,596.58 
5,860,837.34 

8,903 
10,577 

178,060.00 
211,540.00 

2,407,550 

144,453.00 

5,976,884.89 

11,387 

227,740.00 

2,491,320 

124,566.00 

5,787,527.51 

13,886 

277,720.00 

2,886,616 

288,681.60 

6,656,2'i4.65 

24,975 

499,500.00 

2,060,792 

206,079.20 

8,492,209.44 

33,851 

677,020.00 

956,708 

76,536.64 

8,759,206.59 

36,160 
192,033 

723,200.00 
$3,824,928.00 

1,836,060 
18,308,498 

100,983.30 

$78,616,993.97 

$1,023,371.94 

Total..  76,451,053 

Increase  over  1890 —                                                                                                      Per  Cent. 

In  pounds  of  unrefined  lead ^ 21.18 

In  pounds  of  refined  lead 21.38 

In  ounces  of  silver 9.18 

In  ounces  of  gold 6.82 

In  pounds  of  copper 90.87 

Dividends  op  1891.— Mines  earned  dividends  in  1891  as  follows: 

Bullion  Beck $330,000 

Mammoth 280,000 

The  first  two  mines  are  close  corporations  which  do  not  declare  divi- 
dends. Their  earnings  are  set  down  upon  best  information  obtainable. 
Utah  mines  have  paid  in  dividends  to  date  about  $25,000,000. 

Where  the  Mixes  are. — The  mines  wrought  at  the  present  time 
are  mainly  in  Beaver,  Juab,  Summit,  Salt  Lake,  Tooele  and  Washington 
Counties.  The  northern  mines  lie  on  the  same  parallel  in  Tooele,  Salt 
Lake  and  Summit  Counties.  The  mines  of  Juab  County  are  eighty  or 
ninety  miles  south  of  these.  Beaver  County  is  200  miles  and  Washington 
County  300  miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  C-'-.     "^Tincs  wore  wrought  to  some 


40  UTAH  TEERITORY. 

extent  in  Wasatch,  Weber,  Box  Elder  and  Piute  Counties.  There  is,  in 
fact,  no  county  in  the  Territory  where  the  prospector  has  not  left  his  foot- 
prints. 

Wherever,  in  Utah,  there  are  mountains,  mineral  indications  are 
not  wanting,  and  valuable  minerals  are  likely  to  be  found  in  time  in 
paying  veins  or  deposits.  Ores  of  good  quality  are  known  to  exist  in 
many  of  the  isolated  ridges  which  break  the  face  of  the  desert  in  West- 
em  Utah,  but  mining  in  that  section  still  awaits  the  construction  of 
railroads.      ^ 

The  main  producing  district  of  the  Wasatch  Range  lies  on  the  heads 
of  the  Cottonwoods  and  of  the  American  Fork,  within  sight  of  Salt 
Lake  City,  and  over  the  ridge  eastward,  where  the  waters  find  their  way 
into  the  Weber  and  Provo  Rivers. 

Korthward  from  this  locality  nothing  of  importance  has  yet  been 
found,  but  two  hundred  miles  southward,  on  the  head  of  the  Sevier 
River,  eastward  of  the  town  of  Beaver,  there  is  a  district  called  Marysvale, 
containing  some  promising  mines,  the  development  of  which  is  retarded 
by  the  comparative  isolation  of  the  district. 

Mines  are  found  on  both  flanks  of  the  Oquirrh  Range,  from  Great 
Salt  Lake  southward  nearly  one  hundred  miles,  as  at  Stockston,  Dry 
Canon,  Ophir,  Bingham  and  Tintic.  All  these  localities,  except  Marys- 
vale,  are  connected  with  Salt  Lake  City  by  rail.  The  mines  of  Beaver 
County  are  at  Frisco  and  about  Milford,  the  terminus  at  present  of  the 
Union  Pacific  Railway.  The  mines  of  Washington  County  occur  in  a 
sandstone  reef  which  extends  along  and  near  the  base  of  the  Wasatch  for 
one  hundred  miles. 

Beaver  County. — Beaver  County  contains  four  or  five  parallel  ranges 
or  ridges,  striking  north  and  south,  and  all  of  them  mineral-bearing.  A 
single  chimney  of  ore  in  a  contact  along  the  east  base  of  Grampian 
Mountain  (Horn  Silver  Mine)  turned  out  90  tons  of  ore  a  day  for  four  years, 
realizing  to  its  owners  more  than  $13,000,000,  $4,000,000  of  which  was 
disbursed  in  dividends.  After  this  enormous  output  the  mine  had  three  or 
four  h^-rd  years,  but  is  again  doing  well.  Ore  bodies  have  been  opened  in 
new  ground  on  different  levels.  Shipments  for  the  year  1891  were  21,160 
tons. 

A  few  years  ago  two  French  companies  were  at  work  on  some 
promising  copper  mines  about  three  miles  northwest  of  Frisco.  They  ran 
some  copper  bullion;  but  later  on,  for  some  reason,  probably  lack  of 
sufficient  means  in  hand  to  properly  open  the  mines  and  put  in  a  smelting 
plant,  they  shut  down  and  quit  work.  There  is  not  much  doing  about 
Frisco  aside  from  the  operation  of  the  Horn  Silver  Company. 

In  Star  District,  south  of  Milford,  two  or  three  men,  more  persevering 
or  more  fortunate  than  the  mass,  have  gone  through  the  pinch  or  fault 
that  cuts  off  all  the  surface  deposits  of  the  district  within  150  feet  of  the 
surface,  found  their  veins  again,  as  full  and  rich  as  ever,  are  shipping 
ores  and  prospering.    Notably  is  this  true  of  the  Talisman  and  Stalwart, 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  41 

the  developments  in  which  not  only  prove  it  to  be  a  valuable  mine,  but 
have  infused  new  hopes  into  the  owners  of  other  mines.  So  that  there  is 
good  prospect  of  the  revival  of  the  activity  which  prevailed  in  Beaver 
County  mines  in  the  seventies.  Amongst  the  mines  upon  which  work  has 
been  resumed  and  which  are  increasing  their  output,  are  the  Atlas  (old 
Wascoe),  the  Rose,  formerly  the  Mazeppa,  the  Anvil,  the  Creedmore,  the 
Monitor,  the  Burning  Moscow,  the  Rebel,  the  Maringo,  the  Lady  of  the 
Lake,  the  Mammoth,  the  Elephant,  and  others.  The  ores  of  all  these 
mines  are  rich  above  the  average  of  Utah  ores.  There  are  a  number  of 
(ther  districts  within  twenty  miles  of  Milford  which  the  resurrection  of 
Frisco  and  Star  will  doubtless  recall  to  life. 

The  facilities  for  mining  in  Beaver  County  are  very  good.  The  coun- 
try is  dry  in  the  summer,  but  there  is  sufficient  water,  wood,  and  timber 
for  mining  purposes,  and  operations  are  not  obstructed  by  snow  or  cold  in 
the  winter.  The  ores  are  carried  from  the  mine  dumps  by  wagon  and  rail 
to  the  Salt  Lake  smelters  at  about  $7  per  ton.  The  mines  are  easy  of  ac- 
cess. Provisions  and  supplies  are  cheap  and  abundant,  and  good  labor 
is  obtainable  at  fair  rates  of  compensation.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
extensive  exploitation  and  operation  in  this  county  would  very  greatly  in- 
crease its  output.  "Old  Baldy,"  a  huge  mountain  overlooking  Beaver 
Valley  on  the  northwest,  contains  numerous  gold  fissures,  some  of  which 
have  been  mined  with  more  or  less  profit;  and  gold  has  recently  been 
found  in  paying  quantities  at  Indian  Creek.  At  Cove  Creek  is  one  of  the 
largest  and  best  sulphur  mines  in  the  world.  It  is  constantly  producing 
and  shipping. 

Juab  County,  Tintic— Tintic  is  the  principal  mining  district  of 
Juab  County.  It  is  in  or  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Oquirrh  Range, 
whVch  here  rises  perhaps  2,000  feet  above  the  general  level  of  the  country 
making  the  absolute  altitude  6,000-7,000  feet.  A  correspondent  of  a  Salt 
Lake  paper  gives  the  following  excellent  description  of  the  country : 

"The  mountain  mass  in  the  Tintic  District  is  composed  almost  wholly 
of  folded  up  strata  of  limestone,  which  is  also  the  mineral  producing  for- 
mation of  the  region.  A  thick  bed  of  quartzite  extends  along  the  slope  of 
the  Range,  but  the  higher  central  portion  of  this  has  been  removed  by 
erosion,  leaving  a  broad  belt  of  the  underlying  limestone  exposed. 

•  "North  of  Eureka  Gulch  some  eruptive  rock  (probably  trachyte)  is 
also  found,  covering  a  limited  area,  and  one  prominent  peak  is  composed 
of  this  material.  But  this  formation  is  not  very  extensive,  and  I  believe  is 
the  remnant  of  a  once  intrusive  sheet  (lacolite)  between  the  limestone 
and  quartzite. 

"Crossing  the  Range  then  from  west  to  east  along  the  transverse 
ridge  of  which  Eureka  Hill  forms  the  central  and  highest  point,  and 
which  furnishes  an  excellent  cross-section,  we  pass  over  a  continuous 
limestone  formation  for  a  distance  of  a  mile  or  more  of  strata  standing 
nearly  vertical. 

"This  distance  represents  a  number  of  folds,  or,  rather,  I  think  three 
anticlinals  and  two  synclinal  folds,  for  [  doubt  if  the  limestone  strata  is 


42  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

more  than  1,000  feet  thick,  although  during  my  short  stay  I  could  not  en- 
ter into  details  of  accurate  measurement. 

"The  ore  deposits  are  found  in  vertical  sheets  or  veins,  very  irregular, 
faulted  and  'pockety,'  as  limestone  deposits  always  are,  yet  following  the 
strata  of  the  rock,  and  consequently  have  a  strike  of  nearly  north  and 
south,  and  probably  a  very  slight  general  dip  toward  the  east. 

"These  limestones  are  highly  crystaline  and  very  hard,  ranging 
in  color  from  a  grayish  white  to  a  dark  blue,  the  latter  greatly  predomin- 
ating. For  lack  of  lithological  data  and  proper  time  to  investigate,  I  am 
not  prepared  to  give  their  geological  position,  but  should  judge  them  to 
be  very  old,  and  probably  belonging  to  the  lower  carboniferous  or  even 
older. 

"I  had  been  told  that  the  ore  deposits  of  Tintic  are  identical  with 
those  of  Leadville,  Colo.,  with  which  I  am  quite  familiar,  and  this  is  to 
some  extent  true ;  but  they  differ  in  some  essentials,  the  most  important 
of  which,  to  the  practical  miner  and  prospector,  is  their  mode  of 
occurrence. 

"The  deposits,  as  before  stated,  being  vertical,  tunneling  would  be  in 
order,  but  the  country  being  quite  flat,  does  not  permit  of  this  to  good 
advantage;  and  the  most  common  way  of  prospecting  therefor  is  by  shaft 
and  cross-cuts.  But  as  there  is  no  outcrop,  it  is  not  easy  to  determine 
where  to  sink  in  order  to  obtain  good  results. 

"Two  theories  may  be  advanced  regarding  the  manner  in  which  these 
ore  deposits  were  made,  either  of  which,  or  both  combined,  would  prob- 
ably have  given  the  existing  results : 

"First — The  ore  may  have  been  deposited  in  and  along  the  top  of  the 
limestone  floor  before  the  disturbance,  and  carried  along,  taking  its 
proper  place  in  the  folded-up  strata,  probably  being  altered  to  some  ex- 
tent later. 

"Secondly — The  deposits  may  have  been  made  altogether  after  the 
disturbance,  as  a  fault-fissure,  by  far  the  most  common  form  of  vein.  ^In 
the  first  case  we  may  expect  the  ore  to  continue  to  the  bottom  o.  the 
limestone  and  there  break  off  abruptly.  In  the  second  it  may  continue 
downward  far  beyond  the  limestone  and  into  the  underlying  rocks. 

"In  either  case,  I  have  little  doubt  that  the  ore  deposits  follow  along 
or  close  by  the  contact  plane  of  the  synclinal  fold,  and  this  would  tend  to 
prove  the  first  theory,  but  it  does  not  disprove  the  second,  as  the  foldino^ 
plane  would  most  likely  also  be  the  plane  of  faulting  and  rupture  and 
consequent  mineral  secretion. 

"It  is  not  easy  to  distinguish  on  the  surface  the  plane  of  contact  be- 
tween the  various  folds,  but  to  the  practical  and  careful  observer  this  can 
be  done  and  may  greatly  assist  prospecting. 

"During  the  long  period  this  enormous  limestone  bed  was  being  de- 
posited on  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  the  conditions  varied  slightly ;  hence  the 
composition  of  material  also  varied  from  the  bottom  to  the  top,  and  espe- 
cially so  in  the  amount  of  silicious  matter  it  contains.  Some  being 
highly  silicious,  of  a  light  color,  and  very  hard,  while  the  bulk  is  more 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  43 

soft,  darker  in  color,  and  contains  less  silica,  and  these  conditions  still 
exist. 

"A  thin  layer  of  shale  was  also  formed  toward  the  top,  which  can  be 
seen  in  various  places  and  may  be  used  as  a  landmark. 

"The  ore  deposits  are  as  a  rule  large,  easily  mined,  and  of  a  high 
grade.  The  Bullion-Beck,  Eureka-Hill,  Centennial-Eiireka,  Crismon- 
Mammoth,  and  a  few  others  are  the  principal  mines,  all  heavy  producers 
and  dividend-payers,  but  aside  from  these  little  prospecting  has  been 
done.  A  small  number  of  claims  have  been  patented;  a  few  more  are 
held  by  location.  For  miles  in  each  direction  the  country  is  pi  actically 
virgin  ground. 

"  Owing  to  the  low  altitude  the  winter  snows  depart  early,  leaving  the 
ground  parched  and  dry.  Vegetation  is  very  scant,  and  timber  for  mining 
purposes  has  to  be  brought  from  other  parts. 

"The  mines  are  not  troubled  with  water,  but  rather  with  the  lack  of 
it,  for  even  those  mines  which  have  reached  a  depth  of  nearly  a  thousand 
feet  have  none  excepting  what  is  brought  there  by  human  effort  and  in- 
genuity. Most  of  the  water  for  all  kinds  of  uses  is  derived  from  springs, 
which  seem  to  be  quite  numerous  in  certain  places,  but  their  flow  is  not 
strong,  and  they  are  already  taxed  to  nearly  their  full  capacity. 

"  As  the  population  of  Eureka  and  the  various  other  camps  is  steadily 
increasing  and  more  mines  are  being  opened  every  year,  the  question  of 
water  supply  cannot  be  far  distant,  for  when  the  section  receives  the 
attention  it  surely  merits  the  few  local  springs  will  be  far  inadequate. 
But  Utah  Lake  being  distant  only  a  few  miles  may  be  counted  upon  to 
supply  the  means;  the  end  can  be  easily  found." 

Another  observer,  namely,  Mr.  J.  E.  Rockwell,  of  Pueblo,  Col.,  has 
the  following  to  say  of  the  Tintic  District : 

"I  spent  five  days  there.  I  found  a  lime  belt,  well  defined,  standing 
on  edge,  from  half  a  mile  to  three  miles  in  width,  and  many  miles  in  ex- 
tent. The  line  of  porphyry  on  the  east  and  the  quartzite  on  the  west  is 
clearly  marked,  and  between  these  two  great  walls  there  is  a  vast  lime 
zone.  It  is  best  illustrated  by  a  book  standing  on  its  back  with  its  pages 
turned  up.  Between  these  leaves  extend,  in  a  course  generally  north  15 
degrees  east,  great  channels  of  ore.  In  sinking  down  between  any  of  these 
layers  of  lime,  one  is  liable  to  find  ore,  and  when  found  the  bodies  are  ex- 
tensive— sometimes  breaking  off  from  one  layer  of  lime  into  the  adjacent, 
but  always  at  some  place  connected  so  as  to  be  easily  followed.  Neces- 
sarily this  ore,  through  leaching,  would  be  found  at  some  depth  from  the 
surface,  and  for  this  reason  it  is  not  a  poor  man's  camp.  But  it  possesses 
the  advantage  of  great  certainty  of  finding  ores  to  one  who  is  able  to  sink 
to  the  requisite  depth.  The  Eureka  is  sunk  to  1,000  feet  and  the  Bullion- 
Beck  over  600.  The  latter  company  are  now  erecting  a  $300,000  plant  and 
preparing  to  sink  to  a  considerable  depth  below  their  present  workings. 
From  these  shafts  levels  and  cross-cuts  are  run  in  all  directions  at  different 
levels  until  ore  bodies  are  discovered.  It  has  been  demonstrated  that  the 
quality  of  ore  is  high  grade  and  continues  in  depth.    It  is  typically  a  high 


44  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

grade  camp,  although  quantities  of  low  grade  ore  are  necessarily  found, 
which  some  day  will  be  worked. 

"The  mountains  surrounding  Ihe  place  are  easy  of  access,  and  there 
is  every  facility  for  mining  operations,  which  can  only  be  carried  on  by 
companies  and  men  of  means. 

"  It  is  assured  that  vast  wealth  is  stored  in  this  lime  belt  only  awaiting 
development." 

There  appears  to  be  three  main  ore  channels,  one  to  three  miles  long 
and  half  a  mile  apart,  and  these  are  located  under  various  names.  Output 
is  all  that  counts  in  mining,  and  the  leaders  can  be  detected  by  amount  of 
ore  shipped,  given  in  table  below. 

The  Eureka  Hill  was  for  years  the  only  mine  of  real  note  in  the 
district,  but  although  it  doubled  its  customary  output  last  year,  it  was  far 
outstripped  by  the  Bullion-Beck.  During  the  past  five  years  the  Eureka 
Hill  has  extracted  and  sold  85,000  to  90,000  tons  of  (probably)  $50  ore.  If 
mining  cost  |10;  freight  to  market,  mainly  in  Colorado,  $8,  and  smelting 
$12  per  ton,  the  dividends  of  this  five  years  would  be  very  large,  as  can  be 
seen.  The  company  is  a  close  corporation  and  dividends  are  not  published. 
In  December,  1888,  some  proceedings  brought  the  company  into  court,  and 
the  books  showed  the  payment  to  that  time  of  124  dividends  of  $10,000 
each,  equal  to  $1,240,000.  This  is  about  $250,000  a  year  for  the  five  years 
of  full  and  steady  output.  The  past  two  years  have  seen  the  output  in- 
creased, but  more  has  gone  into  improvement.  About  $150,000  was 
expended  on  plant  in  1890,  and  the  property  has  now  an  excellent  equip- 
ment. The  main  shaft  has  reached  the  1100-foot  level  exploitation  is  kept 
well  ahead,  and  there  are  always  large  ore  bodies  in  reserve. 

The  Bullion-Beck,  like  all  the  successful  mines  of  the  district,  struggled 
along  empty-handed  for  years,  until  within  two  or  three  years.  In  1889, 
expensive  suits  with  the  Eureka  Hill,  which  it  adjoins,  were  compromised, 
and  its  net  earnings  are  said  to  have  been  $375,000.  In  1890,  besides 
expending  $90,000  on  a  hoist,  purchasing  Homansville  springs  and  the 
Deprezin  group  of  eight  full  claims  at  $50,000,  it  paid  seven  dividends 
aggregating  $325,000.  In  1891,  it  paid  $330,000.  Before  the  purchase  of  the 
Deprezin  group  the  company  owned  about  fifty  acres.  This  purchase 
makes  their  holding  upwards  of  200  acres.  The  working  shaft  has  reached 
the  700-foot  level,  and  ore  is  being  extracted  from  the  second  to  the  sixth 
levels  inclusive.    The  mine  has  a  great  future. 

The  Centennial-Eureka  lies  south  of  the  Eureka  Hill,  on  the  great  ore 
channel  between  the  Eureka  Hill  and  the  Mammoth.  It  comprises  ten  or 
twelve  claims,  and  extends  along  the  ore  channel  3,800  feet.  The  owners 
have  had  difficulty  enough  to  get  an  insufficient  hoist  up  on  the  hill,  to 
sink  a  shaft  500  feet,  and  to  extend  the  upper  levels  southward.  But  they 
have  their  reward  at  last.  Down  to  January  1st,  1890,  they  had  sold  but 
1,365  tons  of  ore,  the  total  output  of  five  years.  Last  year  they  put 
out  3,667  tons,  and  sold  3,396  tons  for  $508,669,  almost  exactly  $150  a  ton. 


UTAH   TEKEITORY.  J . 

They  paid  upwards  of  $100,000  for  mining  ground,  paid  $150,000  in 
dividends,  and  had  $172,000  left  on  hand.  Last  fall  some  time,  the  300-foot 
level  struck  a  chimney  or  ore-shoot  far  south  of  the  shaft,  which  might 
be  likened  to  Aladdin's  cave  for  richness,  and  which  proved  to  be  200  feet 
long  on  the  strike  of  the  vein.  None  of  this  ore  has  been  marketed  as 
yet.  The  mine  needs  a  new  working  shaft  and  hoist,  but  it  has  the  where- 
withal to  get  it. 

The  Crismon-Mammoth  lies  over  on  the  other  (southeast)  side  of  the 
high  point  up  which  the  Centennial-Eureka  crawls,  and  a  mile  or  so 
distant.  This  is  a  great  mine,  too,  and  has  had  vicissitudes.  In  the 
course  of  about  twenty  years  it  had  paid  thirteen  dividends,  amounting  to 
$210,000.  About  two  years  ago  the  600-foot  level  was  driven  north  from 
the  working  shaft  about  1,000  feet,  along  a  contact  between  two  different 
lines.  It  developed  an  ore-shoot  or  chimney  about  100  feet  through  on 
the  strike  of  the  vein,  and  from  4  feet  to  16  or  20  feet  thick,  from  which 
9,500  tons  were  shipped  during  the  first  year.  The  superintendent, 
Captain  H.  H.  Day,  who  died  toward  the  close  of  the  year,  called  it  an 
average  of  50-ounce  (silver)  ore,  carrying  13  to  15  per  cent  lead.  But  out 
of  the  9,500  tons  shipped  $560,000  in  dividends  were  paid,  and  this  would 
seem  to  indicate  a  much  richer  ore,  something  like  $75  ore. 

All  these  mines  have  to  pipe  and  pump  water  from  a  distance  to  make 
steam,  etc. 

The  Gemini  group  includes,  with  several  other  claims,  the  Excelsior, 
Keystone,  and  Red  Bird ;  the  territory  is  5,400  feet  in  length.  The  owners 
are  sinking  shafts  on  the  three  claims  mentioned,  and  opening  levels  from 
one  to  the  other.  Very  good  ore  is  coming  out  of  the  Keystone  from  the 
third  to  the  sixth  levels  inclusive,  and  there  is  a  great  deal  of  ground 
ready  for  stoping. 

The  Eagle  group  comprises  nine  claims  east  of  and  contiguous  to  the 
Eureka  Hill,  which,  during  1890,  shipped  500  tons  of  ore. 

The  Northern  Spy,  after  an  output  of  $400,000  above  the  first  level,  in 
May,  1890,  was  sold  for  $80,000,  to  persons  connected  with  the  Bullion- 
Beck.  The  mine  produces  both  milling  and  smelting  ores.  A  first-class 
10-stamp  chlorodizing  mill,  located  at  Homansville,  belongs  to  the  com- 
pany. On  the  first  level  the  vein  pinches,  but  the  ore  is  coming  in  again 
between  the  third  and  fourth  levels.  The  ore  is  high  grd,de,  even  for 
Tintic. 

The  Godiva  group  has  been  worked,  off  and  on,  for  a  dozen  years.  It 
comprises  several  claims,  springs,  and  a  well-site,  and  is  situated  a  mile  or 
two  east  of  the  Eureka  Hill,  at  the  extreme  northeast  end  of  Mammoth 
Mountain,  above  Burriston  Pass.  The  vein  is  large  and  strong;  the 
country  is  limestone ;  the  fact  that  the  ore  carries  gold,  $25.00  and  upwards 
to  the  ton,  and  no  silver,  demonstrates  that  there  is  a  gold  belt  in  the 
district. 


46  UTAH   TERRITORY. 

The  Yorkville  group,  comprising  eighty  acres,  is  a  mile  north  of  the 
Eureka  Hill,  and  developments  made  indicate  that  the  big  ore  channel  is 
fertile. 

There  is  a  great  revival  in  Tintic.  New  men  are  constantly  going  in, 
the  old  claims  which  laid  fallow  for  twelve  or  fifteen  years  have  been 
examined,  many  of  them  leased  and  bonded  and  sold  to  men  who  have 
opened  them.  Many  new  locations  have  been  made,  and  good  judges 
believe  that  this  is  but  the  beginning  —  that,  in  short,  the  mineral  belt 
of  Tintic,  the  contact  between  the  lime  and  the  quartzite,  is  as  yet 
mainly  virgin  ground.  Amongst  the  mines  and  groups  upon  which  good 
work  is  now  being  done,  are  the  Madera  Consolidated,  the  Marion  Consoli- 
dated, the  Plutus,  the  Sioux  group,  the  Snowflake,  the  Governor,  the  Iron 
Blossom,  the  Wolf,  the  Cave,  the  Hungarian,  the  British,  Copperopolis, 
the  Undine,  the  Sunbeam,  the  Treasure,  the  Tesora,  the  Turk,  the  East- 
ern and  Daisy,  the  Hard  Winter,  the  Belcher  Consolidated,  a  group  of 
eight  claims,  the  Lucky  Boy,  the  Alamo,  the  Golden  Ray,  a  group  of  six 
claims,  the  Isona,  the  Retribution,  and  many  more  "  too  numerous  to 
mention." 

Many  of  these  Tintic  mines,  and  not  the  least  the  mines  about  Diamond, 
have  immense  outcrops,  nearly  covering  the  full  surface  area.  The  ore  is 
found  in  bunches  and  chimneys ;  greater  depth  will  surely  show  concen- 
tration in  large  bodies.  Experience  has  demonstrated  that  these  mines  as 
a  rule  need  only  to  be  opened  and  wrought  to  become  profitable. 

For  1891,  Bullion-Beck  shipped  6,945,680  pounds,  which  sold  for 
$340,057.04. 

Mammoth  (1891)  shipped  7,650  tons. 

Eureka  Hill  (1891)  shipped  19,400  tons. 

Del  Monte  District. — This  district  is  four  miles  north  of  Eureka. 

The  railroad  passes  within  four  miles  of  the  mines  which  are  immense 
bodies  of  lead  ore,  carrying  about  three  ounces  of  silver  per  ton  and  a 
large  percentage  of  iron.  The  more  these  mines  are  exploited  the  larger 
and  cleaner  appears  to  be  the  ore;  more  than  1,200  feet  of  openings  have 
been  made  in  ore,  which  is  from  10  to  45  feet  in  thickness. 

West  Tintic. — This  district  is  in  Tooele  County,  but  one  goes  there 
from  Eureka,  the  capital  town  of  the  Tintic  mines,  and  so  an  account  of  it 
is  given  here  condensed  and  compiled  from  a  letter  written  by  Mr.  Frank 
Burk,  and  published  in  the  Salt  Lake  Tribune. 

Mr.  O.  P.  Rockwell  drove  Mr.  Burk  from  Eureka  to  his  ranch  on 
Cherry  Creek,  near  the  great  desert,  a  distance  of  28  miles,  crossing  the 
divide  between  East  and  west  Tintic ;  and  the  next  morning  four  or  five 
miles  from  Rockwell's  Ranch  to  the  mines.  The  mineral  belt  is  very  wide, 
the  country  low  smooth  hills.  The  first  mine  seen  is  the  Silver  Star, 
owned  by  John  Fleming,  upon  which  a  26-foot  shaft  has  been  sunk,  and 


UTAH  TEREITOKY.  47 

ore  taken  oat  which  is  47  per  cent  lead  and  carries  13  ounces  silver  and 
$7  gold  per  ton. 

The  Scotia  belongs  to  Messrs.  Van  Horn,  Baskin  &  James,  of  Salt 
Lake.  In  early  times  it  put  out  2,400  tons  of  ore,  which  bore  hauling  to 
the  Salt  Lake  smelters.  Mr.  Burk  went  down  about  60  feet  and  found 
free  gold  and  ore  rich  in  silver  cropping  out  of  the  walls,  roof  and  floor. 
With  railroad  facilities  this  would  be  a  valuable  mine. 

The  old  Alabama,  now  called  the  Midgley,  is  a  patented  claim  owned 
by  the  Mechanics'  Mining  &  Smelting  Company  of  Omaha.  A  60-foot 
incline  shows  iron  carbonate  which  assays  high  in  silver  and  gold.  Ore 
was  formerly  wagoned  from  this  mine  to  the  Salt  Lake  smelters,  but 
ceased  on  account  of  the  depression  in  price  of  lead  and  silver. 

A  mile  and  a  half  north  of  the  Scotia  is  the  Northwestern,  owned  by 
0.  P.  Rockwell,  An  incline  exposes  a  large  body  of  soft  carbonates 
similar  to  the  early  Leadville  find.  Assays  give  30  ounces  silver  and  44 
per  cent  lead. 

The  Little  Chief,  owned  also  by  Mr.  Rockwell,  is  situated  about  one 
mile  east  of  the  Northwestern,  and  an  incline  of  a  few  feet  discloses  a 
large  body  of  iron  carbonates,  carrying  silver,  lead  and  gold.  On  the 
same  property  a  shaft  has  been  sunk  130  feet,  which  in  the  course  of 
development  produced  ore  carrying  silver,  gold,  lead  and  copper.  A  mill 
run  of  this  ore  yielded  25  ounces  silver,  $3.60  gold,  and  47  per  cent  lead. 

The  deepest  working  in  the  district  was  on  the  Stonewall  Jackson, 
and  was  250  feet.  This  claim  is  owned  by  Biddlecorae,  Hunter,  Bartlett 
and  Lee.  There  is  a  substantial  whim  and  other  machinery  and  con- 
veniences for  hoisting  ore.  There  are  several  hundred  tons  of  ore  piled 
on  the  dump.  Ore  ©f  good  quality  has  been  followed  from  the  grass  roots, 
and  if  railroad  facilities  could  be  had,  this  would  be  a  very  valuable 
mine.    Assays  show  640  ounces  silver  and  $11.40  gold  per  ton. 

The  88  is  situated  about  one  and  one-half  miles  south  of  the  Scotia. 
It  is  owned  by  O.  P.  Rockwell,  one-half,  and  Marcus  Howard  and  Warren 
Lewis  the  other  half.  A  shaft  75  feet  in  depth  discloses  a  very  fine  galena 
ore  on  every  side  as  well  as  in  the  bottom.  Forty-five  feet  from  the  sur- 
face a  drift  has  been  run  north  and  south,  which  shows  galena-silver  ore 
on  every  hand.  Assays  from  this  property  show  18  ounces  silver,  46  per 
cent  lead,  and  a  small  amount  in  gold. 

Three-fourths  of  a  mile  from  and  northeast  of  the  88  is  situated  the 
Virginia,  owned  by  Rudolph  Hunter  of  American  Fork.  Drifting  from 
bottom  of  shaft  about  thirty  feet  below  the  surface  is  being  prosecuted. 
The  character  of  the  ore  is  a  lead  carbonate  running  high  in  silver. 


48  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

The  shaft  on  the  Brunswick,  close  to  the  Stonewall  Jackson,  was  only 
down  a  few  feet,  but  assays  running  away  up  in  the  thousands  have  been 
had  from  the  vein  which  has  been  followed  from  the  surface. 

South  of  the  Brunswick,  and  running  in  a  southwesterly  direction,  is 
a  low  ridge,  on  which  a  vein  of  white  quartz  carries  free  gold,  while  an- 
other of  lime  carries  steel  galena  rich  in  silver,  and  still  another  is  almost 
a  pure  or  native  copper,  carrying  silver  and  gold. 

An  old  abandoned  property  north  of  the  88,  and  known  as  the  Grand 
Cross,  has  a  shaft  all  in  ore.  Specimens  taken  from  the  dump  assayed  165 
to  325  ounces  of  silver.  The  property  is  owned  at  present  by  Charles 
Crane,  Smith  and  Howard,  one  half,  and  Biddlecome  &  Co.  the  other  half. 

The  Tribune,  on  the  same  ridge,  owned  by  Charles  Crane,  Mark  How- 
ard and  others,  had  a  shaft  of  thirty  feet  and  showed  a  vein  of  something 
like  ten  inches,  carrying  very  high  grade  ore,  the  character  of  which  is  a 
copper  carbonate  and  steel  galena,  carrying  silver  and  gold. 

The  Desert. — Fifteen  miles  west  of  Rockwell's  ranch  is  a  bold  and 
rugged  granite  mountain,  rising  from  the  desert,  as  an  island  rises  from 
the  sea.  This  is  known  as  the  Desert  mining  district.  On  the  west  end 
of  this  mountain  are  some  copper  mines  of  great  value.  The  Copper  Star 
and  its  extension,  the  Red  Bird,  have  been  bonded  recently  for  $50,000, 
by  the  owner,  O.  P.  Rockwell,  to  Joe  Biddlecome  and  partners.  The 
latter  are  now  working  the  property  and  are  shipping  by  way  of  the 
Mammoth  mill  at  Tintic.  This  is  a  true  fissure  with  solid  granite  walls, 
the  shaft  being  all  in  ore. 

About  fourteen  miles  north  of  Desert  Mountain  is  a  long,  dark  ridge 
running  north  and  south,  and  known  as  Death  Canon  mountain.  On  the 
southwest  end  of  this  mountain,  on  a  spur  which  runs  out  from  Death 
Canon,  is  situated  one  of  the  largest  and  richest  silver-lead  mines  in  the 
whole  West.  It  is  known  as  the  Mammoth  mine,  an4  is  owned  by  James 
Chipman,  of  American  Fork,  and  O.  P.  Rockwell,  of  "West  Tintic.  A 
tunnel  is  all  in  ore  which  is  a  lead  carbonate,  assaying  46  per  cent  lead 
and  17  ounces  silver.  A  winze  was  sunk  from  close  to  the  mouth  of  the  tuir- 
nel,  which  disclosed  a  23-foot  vein  of  ore.  The  Oasis,  Columbia  and  Drumm 
mining  districts  are  in  the  same  neighborhood  with  those  already  sketched, 
and  the  proposed  Deep  Creek  Railroad  should  consider  this  route  for  the 
railroad  to  Clifton  and  Deep  Creek.  There  is  ore  enough  here  in  sight 
now  to  tax  the  carrying  capacity  of  any  single  track  road  in  the  United 
States.  The  road  could  be  run  by  Ophir  and  down  the  west  side  of  the 
Oquirrh  Range,  around  the  south  side  of  Boulder,  by  Eureka,  down  East 
Tintic  Valley,  and,  turning  westward,  a  straight  or  air-line  would  carry  it 
through  the  mines  of  West  Tintic  and  the  districts  mentioned,  by  North 
Dugway,  Clifton  and  on  to  its  destination  at  Fish  Springs  and  Deep  Creek, 
where  some  enormously  rich  "finds  "  have  been  made  the  past  year  and 
in  great  number. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  49 

By  this  route  ore  will  be  found  on  nearly  every  mile,  while  water  is 
found  in  sufficient  quantities  and  at  close  enough  intervals  to  answer  the 
purposes  of  any  railroad. 

Summit  County. — ^The  mining  field  which  begins  on  the  heads  of  the 
Cotton  woods  and  of  American  Fork,  within  sight  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and 
extends  ten  miles  over  the  first  ridge  of  the  Wasatch,  eastward,  is  thrown 
by  the  winding  mountain  crests  which  culminate  in  that  vicinity  into  four 
counties.  The  more  important,  however,  are  known  as  Uintah  Mining 
District  in  Summit  County,  and  as  Blue  Ledge  Mining  District  in  Wasatch 
County.  These  are  in  reality  one  district,  divided  by  a  geographical 
county  line  to  which  the  mineral  veins  pay  no  attention. 

Paek  City,  a  town  of  6,000  inhabitants,  connected  with  Salt  Lake 
City  by  the  Union  Pacific  Railway,  is  the  mining  town  of  the  district.  It 
is  an  incorporated  town  and  has  a  city  government,  no  indebtedness,  and 
plenty  of  money  in  the  treasury.  The  city  has  a  newspaper,  a  brick 
city  hall  and  firemen's  headquarters,  jail,  etc.,  three  hose  carts  and  a 
hook-and-ladder  truck,  three  volunteer  fire  companies  and  a  large  number 
of  hydrants.  The  water-works  system,  operated  by  gravity  pressure,  has 
proven  ample  in  all  cases  of  fire  since  the  system  was  put  in,  but  it  is  now 
proposed  to  bring  in  a  larger  supply  and  better  water  from  Highland 
Lake,  forty  feet  deep  and  ten  acres  in  area,  lying  2,000  feet  higher  than 
the  city  and  five  miles  distant.  There  is  a  light,  heat  and  power  com- 
pany with  a  900-light  plant,  and  this  is  about  to  be  doubled  in  capacity. 
There  are  four  churches,  three  or  four  schools,  two  Odd  Fellows'  and  one 
Rebecca  lodges,  one  lodge  each  of  the  Masons,  the  A.  O.  U.  W.  and  the 
Knights  of  Pythias ;  a  bank  with  a  capital  of  $50,000,  and  a  very  well  sup- 
ported opera  house.  The  absolute  altitude  of  Main  street  (at  the  hotel), 
which  has  a  grade  of  300  feet  to  the  mile,  is  about  7,500  feet  above  the  sea. 
The  streets  have  been  graded  and  otherwise  improved  till  they  are  very 
good.  Three  or  four  gulches  join  each  other  at  the  head  of  Main  Street 
and  a  little  above,  and  up  these,  rising  in  two  miles  2,000  feet,  are  the 
mines.  The  Mackintosh  sampling  mill  is  at  the  lower  end  of  this  street, 
near  the  depots.  The  Crescent  concentrating  and  sampling  mill  and 
smelter,  and  the  Marsac  (Daly)  thirty-stamp  chloridizing  mill,  are  in  the 
town,  while  the  Ontario  forty-stamp  chloridizing  mill  stands  at  the  head 
of  the  main  street.  The  Ontario  mine  is  a  mile  and  a  half  up  Ontario 
Gulch  south  of  the  mill. 

The  Mines. — The  Ontario  vein  for  4,500  feet  on  its  course  is  owned  by 
the  Ontario  Silver  Mining  Company;  for  1,500  feet  next  westward  by  the 
Daly  Mining  Company.  The  next  2,800  feet,  going  westward,  is  owned  by 
men  interested  in  these  two  companies.  Here  the  Anchor  Mining  Com- 
pany takes  the  vein  for  12,538  feet.  The  latter  company  put  a  shaft  down 
600  feet,  near  the  east  end  of  their  property,  which  crosscuts  a  fine  vein  of 
ore,  supposed  to  be  the  same  as  the  Ontario,  or  a  parallel  vein  of  similar 


50  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

strength  and  quality,  just  below  the  fifth  level.  Drifts  from  the  fourth  and 
sixth  levels  also  disclosed  the  vein,  where,  from  its  general  dip,  it  should 
be.  From  the  Ontario  westward,  the  ground  gains  in  altitude,  so  that  the 
sixth  Ontario  level  is  the  Daly  eighth,  and  the  Anchor  seventeenth.  The 
Anchor  Company  have  a  drain  tunnel  6,600  feet  long,  intersecting-  the 
shaft  on  its  twelfth  level.  The  Ontario  Company  are  now  driving  a  drain 
tunnel  about  three  miles  long  to  intersect  shaft  No.  2  on  its  fifteenth  level. 
Extended  along  the  vein  to  the  Anchor  it  would  be  nearly  five  miles  long, 
and  take  the  Anchor  water  to  the  twenty-seventh  level.  If  the  Anchor  has 
the  Ontario  or  an  equivalent  parallel  vein,  then  the  vein  is  about  9,000  feet 
long;  and  if  the  vein  extends  through  the  Anchor  ground  it  is  20,000  feet 
long.  There  is  good  reason  to  suppose  that  it  continues  westward  to  the 
Cottonwood  mines,  and  that  it  strikes  eastward  through  Blue  Ledge  Dis- 
trict via  McHenry  Gulch  for  about  two  miles,  making  in  all  six  or  seven 
miles,  throughout  which,  with  intervals  of  barren  ground  of  course,  it  may 
reasonably  be  expected  to  be  fertile.  It  is  now  claimed  that  the  district 
has  four  or  five  parallel  veins. 

The  Ontario  mine  is  the  leader  in  the  extentof  its  operations,  in  cost 
of  plant,  in  output  and  dividends.  There  are  upwards  of  30  miles  of 
openings  in  the  mine,  and  about  160,000  cubic  yards  have  been  stoped  out 
to  get  the  (in  round  numbers)  $27,000,000  which  the  mine  has  produced.  The 
mill  and  mine  plant  cost  $2,700,000,  and  mine  and  mill  give  direct  employ- 
ment to  between  400  and  500  men  at  an  average  wage  of  $100  per  month, 
and  indirect  employment  to  a  great  many  more.  During  the  past  year  the 
output  was  24,694  tons  of  ore.  The  gross  sum  received  for  the  product  of 
this  ore  was  $1,892,421.77 ;  out  of  which  $900,000  was  paid  in  dividends. 

Disbursements  of  1890  were  ars  follows,  those  for  1891-92  not  varying 
greatly : 

Pay  roll  and  salaries §535,000.00 

Cord  wood 34,180.75 

Lumber  and  timber 35,649.50 

Coal  (from  Coalville) 81,794.22 

Salt 29,662.82 

Castings  (Salt  Lake  foundries) 12,867.10 

Beef  and  vegetables 21,724.03 

Hauling  and  sampling  ore 55,853.10 

Sundries,  powder,  oil,  machinery,  candles,  groceries,  N.  Y.  &S.  F.  offices 310,323..54 

ONTARIO   DIVIDEND   NO.  1  TO  197. 

1877.  No.  ltol8 $  900,000 

1878.  No.  19to39 1,050,000 

1879.  No.  40to51 600,000 

1880.  No.  52to63 600,000 

1881.  No.  64  to  75 875,000 

1882.  No.  76  to  87 900,000 

1883.  No.  88  to  90 225,000 

1884.  No.  91  to  102 900,000 

1885.  No.  103tOll5 975,000 

1886.  No.  116  to  127 900,000 

1887.  No.  128  to  139 900,000 

1888.  No.  140tOl51 900,000 

1889.  No.  152tol63 .•. 900,000 

1890.  No.  164  to  175 900.000 

1891.  No.  176tOl87 900,000 

1892.  No.  188  to  197 750,000 

Total., 813475,000 


OTAH  TERRITORY.  51 

The  Ontario  has  recently  passed  a  regular  dividend,  a  circumstance 
which  eaus'ed  quite  a  flurry  in  financial  circles  for  a  while.  It  was 
not  caused  by  failure  of  the  ore  supply,  but  the  enormous  expense  of 
running  a  drainage  tunnel. 


TOTAL  PRODUCT. 

The  total  output  of  the  Ontario  from  the  starting  of  the  new  mill 
February  1,  1877,  to  the  end  of  1892 — sixteen  years — was  414,405  tons  (dry) 
of  ore,  out  of  which  was  obtained  27,876,469.45  ounces  of  fine  silver. 

The  company  has  been  preparing  to  change  from  the  use  of  wood  in 
roasting  ores  to  manufacturing  gas  from  Rock  Springs  coal  to  do  the  work. 
The  apparatus  is  already  in  and  only  awaits  a  short  stoppage  to  make  con- 
nections. It  takes  eighteen  cords  of  wood  per  day  at  a  cost  of  $5.75  per 
cord,  wljile  it  is  estimated  that  ten  tons  of  coal  at  $4.75  per  ton  will  do  the 
work  better  and  with  less  men  to  operate,  making  a  saving  of  fully  $60  per 
day.  The  Marsac  mill  has  been  operating  about  two  years  with  the  gas 
and  finds  the  saving  proportionately  as  large. 

The  excess  of  disbursements  above  receipts  is  drawn,  of  course,  from 
surplus  account. 

For  a  number  of  years  the  water  has  been  drawn  from  the  Ontario 
sixth  level  by  a  drain  tunnel  about  6,000  feet  in  length.  In  1888  a  drain 
tunnel  was  started  from  the  east  or  Provo  side,  three  miles  distant,  to 
drain  the  mine  to  the  15th  level.  February  15th,  1891,  this  tunnel  was  in 
6,170  feet,  and  the  Ontario  Shaft  No.  2  was  down  to  the  15th  level,  where 
the  tunnel  is  to  intersect  it.  The  mine  has  still  a  vast  amount  of  opened 
but  unstoped  ground  above  the  10th  level.  The  selling  price  of  the  shares 
is  from  $40  to  $44;  there  are  150,000  shares,  par  $100;  holders  have  come 
to  repose  trust  in  them  as  if  they  were  United  States  bonds.  The  mine 
has  passed  the  monthly  dividend  of  50  cents  a  share  but  about  six  months, 
when  No.  2  hoist  burnt  down,  in  fourteen  years.  No  one  familiar  with  it 
doubts  that  this  will  continue  15  or  20  years  longer. 

The  Daly  mine  is  a  great  shipper.  Sales  of  the  proceeds  of  ore  bring 
the  company  immense  sums,  a  large  proportion  of  which  are  paid  in 
dividends. 

The  Anchor  property  is  a  group  of  claims  1,200  feet  in  width  by 
12,538  feet  long,  beginning  near  the  west  end  of  the  Daly  and  running 
west,  comprising  the  old  Utah  and  White  Pine  properties,  and  many  other 
contiguous  claims.  Mention  has  been  made  of  a  trial  shaft  sunk  to  the 
600-foot  level,  and  of  the  large  vein  it  developed.  It  developed  also  so 
much  water  that  a  drain  tunnel  was  driven  from  a  point  6,600  feet  down 
the  gulch  and  low  enough  to  intersect  the  shaft  on  the  1,200-foot  level. 
Pending  work  to  connect  shaft  and  tunnel,  the  hoisting  works  caught  fire 
and  were  destroyed.     New  works  have  been  erected,  and  meantime  the 


52  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

company  extracted  ore  from  the  tunnel  level  in  large  quantity.  The  vein 
is  from  18  to  70  feet  in  thickness,  dips  to  the  northwest,  and  strikes  north- 
east and  southwest.  Large  chambers  have  been  cut  out,  the  openings 
exposing  more  ore. 

The  Daly  West  ground  is  a  group  of  claims  about  2,000  feet  wide  by 
3,000  feet  long,  joining  the  Daly  on  the  west,  and  the  Anchor  ground  in 
part  on  the  north.  It  belongs  to  the  owners  of  the  Ontario  and  the  Daly, 
and  can  be  cheaply  drained  and  exploited  and  laid  off  properly  for  ore 
extraction  through  or  by  means  of  the  workings  in  those  mines  when  the 
owners  are  ready  to  do  so.  It  is  supposed  to  be  as  good  ground  as  either 
of  them. 

The  Woodside  Company  owns  eight  claims  in  Woodside  Gulch,  out  of 
which  they  took  |444,000  in  1889,  and  shipped  161,880  pounds  of  ore 
in  1891. 

The  Mayflower  comprises  a  group  of  claims  near  the  Woodside.  The 
owners  extracted  1 ,560  tons  of  ore  in  1889,  and  2,629  tons  in  1890,  when 
they  were  enjoined,  pending  decision  of  some  question  of  title,  and  obliged 
to  close  down.  They  have  started  up  again,  however,  having  shipped 
8,655,470  pounds  of  ore  in  1891. 

The  Massachusetts  (old  Empire),  comprising  twenty  claims,  lies 
about  one  mile  west  of  the  original  Ontario  ground.  It  is  well  equipped. 
A  fork,  at  least,  of  the  Ontario  vein  is  believed  to  run  through  this 
ground. 

The  Alliance  (old  Sampson)  is  a  group  of  eight  claims,  immediately 
east  of  Pinyon  Hill,  on  a  line  west  with  the  original  Ontario  and 
Massachusetts;  the  Daly  and  Anchor  diverge  to  the  southwest.  It  is 
at  the  head  of  Webster  and  Walker  Gulch,  and  much  higher  in  altitude 
than  the  Massachusetts.  The  vein  is  in  limestone,  is  fifteen  feet  thick, 
and  strikes  through  Pinyon  Hill  southwesterly  a  mile  or  more,  the  Crescent 
and  the  Apex  each  owning  a  part  of  it.  The  working  shaft  is  intersected 
by  the  Hanauer  tunnel  at  a  depth  of  620  feet.  This  tunnel  has  been 
extended  beyond  the  shaft  on  the  vein  (as  a  level)  to  the  end  line  of  the 
property,  and  to  a  connection  with  the  Crescent  working  incline  for  the 
benefit  of  the  Crescent  Company.  Cross-cutting  and  running  west  in  the 
vein  shows  the  vein  to  vary  in  width  from  twenty  to  forty  feet ;  to  pitch 
about  fifteen  degrees  from  the  vertical ;  to  be  in  limestone  still ;  and  to  be 
filled  with  quartz,  brecciated  lime,  clay,  talc,  iron  and  manganese,  with 
occasional  bunches  of  ore. 

The  Crescent  property  comprises  about  ninety  acres,  the  ore  occurring 
in  a  channel  twenty  rods  wide  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long,  falling  off  to 
the  northwest  with  the  face  of  the  hill  and  about  100  feet  below  the  surface. 
This  ore  sheet  crops  out  in  the  eastern  face  of  Pinyon  Hill,  which  is  on 
that  side  a  ledge  about  400  feet  high,  and  their  veins  or  fissures  come  occa- 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  53 

sionally  to  the  surface  from  the  ore  body  on  the  northwestern  slope  of  the 
hill.  More  than  100,000  tons  of  ore  have  been  extracted  and  sold  from 
this  ore  body. 

The  Sampson  (or  Alliance)  vein  cuts  across  the  head  of  the  property, 
and  is  reached,  at  a  depth  of  about  400  feet,  by  a  1700-foot  tunnel  run  in 
from  the  northwest.  Upon  this  vein,  which  is  here  50  feet  wide,  at  the 
inner  end  of  the  tunnel,  machinery  has  been  placed,  and  a  working  incline 
sunk  to  intersect  the  Hanauer  tunnel,  400  feet.  This  will  save  pumping 
and  give  400  feet  of  dry  stoping  back.  The  ore  in  this  vein  is  scattered; 
2)^  tons  are  concentrated  into  one.  The  company  have  a  concentrating  and 
sampling  mill ;  5  miles  of  tramway  between  mine  and  mill,  with  an  average 
grade  of  400  feet  per  mile ;  boarding  and  lodging  houses,  etc.  The  prop- 
erty is  regarded  as  in  better  condition  than  ever  before. 

The  Apex  is  a  companion  property  to  the  Crescent,  lying  south 
and  contiguous,  comprising  about  twenty  claims,  and  covering  a  part 
of  the  blanket  ore-bearing  formation  of  the  Crescent.  Large  bodies 
of  low  grade  ore  have  been  exposed  by  the  extensive  workings.  About 
199,230  pounds  were  marketed  in  1891.  This  ore  is  from  the  Sampson 
vein,  which  is  cut  at  a  considerable  depth  by  a  tunnel  from  the  side  of  the 
hill  facing  Thayne's  Canon.  This  tunnel  continues  to  a  connection  with 
the  Crescent  workings.  The  workings  in  the  Apex  extend  200  feet  below 
this  tunnel.     "Work  seems  to  have  been  confined  to  exploiting. 

Other  paying  mines  are  the  Northland-Nevada,  opened  in  June,  1889 ; 
the  Creole,  lying  on  the  hillside  above  Park  City;  the  Deer  Valley 
Consolidated,  13  claims  northeast  of  the  original  Ontario  location; 
the  Constellation,  a  group  of  5  claims  northeast  of  the  Ontario ;  the  Golden 
Eagle  group  of  5  claims,  joining  the  Constellation;  the  Whitehead  group 
of  24  claims,  east  of  the  Constellation;  the  Putnam  group  of  12  claims, 
near  and  partly  between  the  Daly  and  Anchor ;  the  Morgan  group,  near 
the  Anchor,  13  claims,  has  been  in  the  courts,  and  -all  questions  of  title 
have  been  settled  and  the  property  incorporated  as  the  Meears  Consoli- 
dated ;  the  Roaring  Lion,  adjoining  the  Crescent,  is  a  strong  vein  of  rich 
ore  similar  to  the  best  ore  produced  by  the  Crescent;  the  Jupiter  property, 
13  claims,  mainly  patented,  at  the  head  of  Thayne's  Caiion,  about  a  ruile 
southwest  of  the  Crescent ;  the  Silver  Key,  4  claims,  south  of  the  Apex ; 
the  Silver  King,  on  the  Woodside  and  Mayflower  vein;  the  New  York 
group  of  5  patented  claims;  the  Lucky  Bill,  half  a  mile  south  of  the  Daly; 
the  Comstock,  4  claims,  on  the  opposite  side  of  Thayne's  Caiion  from  tlie 
Crescent ;  the  ground  contains  a  large  vein  much  like  that  of  the  Crescent; 
the  Gem,  4  claims,  adjoins  the  Comstock ;  the  Steele  group  of  6  claims,  a 
mile  below  the  depots. 

Many  mining  properties  have  not  produced  much  ore,  but  remain  to 
be  mentioned ;  amongst  them  the  Dolberg  group,  the  west  Ontario  group, 
the  Black  Diamond  and  Nimrod,  the  Rosebud  group,  the  Reed  group,  the 
Kerr  group,  the  Hoyt  group,  the  Park  City  group,  the  Lundin  and  Ander- 


64  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

son,  the  Rosecamp  and  Glen  group,  the  Denhuff  group,  the  Creole  No.  2, 
the  Typo  group,  the  Kentucky  group,  and  the  Hughes  and  Bogan  groups. 

Besides  these,  there  are  hundreds  of  promising  prospects  scattered  all 
over  these  hills,  from  the  Cottonwoods  to  Provo  River,  and  from  Deer 
Valley  nearly  to  Midway,  a  district  containing  fifty  square  miles.  The 
country  is  wet  and  the  drift  heavy,  making  the  development  of  prospects 
into  paying  mines  slow  work.  Very  little  capital  on  the  outside  has  ever 
gone  into  the  district.  It  has  had  to  depend  upon  its  output  for  the  means 
of  increasing  its  output.  Yet  it  may  be  truly  said  that  there  is  no  district 
in  the  entire  mining  section  which  offers  greater  inducements  to  capital  to 
engage  in  mining  than  this. 

The  Union  Concentrator,  built  in  1889,  at  the  junction  of  Empire  and 
Woodside  Gulches,  has  a  capacity,  running  day  and  night,  of  120  tons  in 
24  hours.  The  machinery  used  is  Dodge  stone-breaker,  Wall  rolls,  Cornish 
rolls,  jigs  and  tables.  It  is  heated  by  steam  from  the  boilers,  and  can  be 
run  winter  and  summer. 

The  Park  City  Sampling  Mill,  owned  by  Richard  Mackintosh,  of  Salt 
Lake,  does  a  large  business  constantly. 

The  shipments  by  rail  for  1891  were : 

Pounds. 

Ontario 24,803,410 

Daly 10,882,520 

Anchor 19,736.660 

May-Flower 8,655,470 

Crescent 533,230 

Vareo's  Con 690,490 

Woodside 161,880 

Nevada-Northland 178,960 

Apex 199,230 

Creole 222,700 

Wasatch  County.— Blue  Ledge  District  lies  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
divide  between  the  Provo  and  the  Weber,  and  is  in  Wasatch  County.  The 
Glencoe  is  at  present  the  leading  or  most  promising  mine  in  the  district. 
It  consists  of  a  group  of  six  or  eight  claims.  In  the  old  workings  there 
was  a  strong  vein  almost  unbroken  for  300  feet,  but  rather  low  grade  and 
carrying  too  much  zinc.  An  adit  tunnel,  150  feet  below  these  old  work- 
ings, is  approaching  the  old  ore  body,  and  is  full  size  in  ore  of  a  much 
better  quality  and  carrying  less  zinc  than  the  old  ore.  The  mines  are 
about  two  miles  a  little  south  of  east  of  the  Ontario. 

There  is  valuable  property  in  Mc  Henry  Gulch,  to- wit :  the  Wilson  & 
Barrett,  the  Lowell,  the  McHenry,  the  Hawkeye,  the  Boulder,  and  south- 
ward of  the  gulch  the  Free  Silver,  the  Wasatch,  and  many  others.  All 
these  are  groups  of  from  two  to  a  dozen  claims,  and  on  some  of  them  much 
heavy  and  expensive  development  work  has  been  done. 

Good  judges  do  not  doubt  the  existence  of  great  mines  on  the  east  side, 
as  it  is  called,  but  the  ground  is  broken  and  thrown  by  eruptive  dikes,  and 
ore  in  paying  bodies,  if  it  exists,  probably  lies  deep. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  55 

Utah  County. — A  spur  of  the  "Wasatch  striking  eastward  and  then 
northward  forms  the  line  in  this  locality  between  Summit,  Wasatch,  and 
Utah  Counties,  and  also  between  Uintah,  Snake  Creek,  and  Blue  Ledge 
districts,  the  latter  in  AVasatch,  Snake  Creek  in  Utah  County.  Headquar- 
ters of  all  these  districts,  it  will  be  understood,  is  Park  City.  The  mines 
in  Snake  Creek  are  about  8  miles  from  Park  City  over  a  high  divide,  yet  it 
is  the  best  way  out  at  present. 

The  Southern  Tier  has  been  opened  to  a  great  depth  and  some  ship- 
ments have  been  made.  Amongst  other  groups  of  claims  upon  which  con- 
siderable work  has  been  done  are  the  Newell,  the  Steamboat,  and  the 
Levigneur  claims.  The  formation  is  mixed  and  pretty  badly  broken  and 
tumbled  up  on  the  surface.  Nevertheless  the  miners  are  developing  regu- 
lar and  continuous  veins,  which  produce  very  good  ore.  There  are  copper 
lodes  and  ledges  of  marble ;  and  at  Midway,  on  the  Provo  River,  in  plain 
sight  from  the  mines  and  not  far  away,  there  are  hot  springs  and  quite  an 
area  of  the  ''formation"  which  in  many  places  these  hot  springs  deposit. 
With  a  railroad  on  the  Provo  River,  Snake  Creek  will  be  heard  of  to  some 
purpose  in  the  mining  world. 


A  Great  Mining  Field. — Before  completing  the  review  of  Utah 
County  mi^es,  the  reader  may  as  well  return  to  Salt  Lake  City,  and  take  a 
general  glimpse  of  the  field.  About  thirty  miles  east  of  Salt  Lake  City, 
the  counties  of  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  Wasatch  and  Summit  corner  at  the  apex 
of  Clayton's  Peak,  in  the  heart  of  one  of  Utah's  great  mining  fields.  This 
field  is  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  square  miles  in  area;  its  absolute  altitude 
is  from  7,000  to  11,000  feet,  and  it  is  extremely  rugged.  It  is  here  that  the 
Wasatch  range  is  the  highest  and  most  massive.  The  formation  is  quartzite 
and  lime,  held  up  on  granite  shoulders.  Much  of  it  has  been  gouged  and 
worn  away  by  erosive  agencies.  From  its  culmination  the  water  flows  in 
all  directions.  American  Fork,  Little  and  Big  Cottonwood,  and  Mill 
Creek  westward,  and  small  unnamed  streams  south,  north  and  east,  into 
the  Provo  and  the  Weber.  The  western  limb  of  it  is  accessible  only  via 
the  streams  named  from  Salt  Lake  Valley.  The  eastern  limb  is  reached 
by  the  Union  Pacific  from  Echo  on  the  Weber.  A  rail  and  tramway  run  to 
Alta  at  the  head  of  Little  Cottonwood  from  Brigham  Junction,  which  is  ten 
miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  City.  A  good  wagon  road  runs  up  American 
Fork,  starting  from  the  town  of  American  Fork,  which  is  about  thirty 
miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  City,  to  the  Miller  mine,  probably  11,000  feet 
above  the  sea;  and  a  wagon  road  also  runs  up  Big  Cottonwood  to  the 
Lakes,  and  crossing  the  divide  down  Thayne's  Canon  to  Parley's  Park  and 
Park  City.  The  mines  pay  no  attention  to  divides,  although  these  are  the 
boundary  lines  of  counties  and  mining  districts. 

The  palmy  days  of  the  Cottonwoods  and  of  American  Fork  passed  away  a 
dozen  years  or  more  ago,  with  the  oxhanstion  of  the  surface  bonanzas  of  such 


56  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

famous  mines  as  the  Emma,  Flagstaff,  Joab  Lawrence,  Miller,  Prince  of 
Wales,  Reed  &  Benson,  etc.  Work  has  never  ceased  altogether,  however, 
although  it  has  ceased  on  hundreds  of  prospects,  and  on  scores  of  mines. 
This  is  due  to  the  same  incidents  that  everywhere  embarrass  mining  — 
lack  of  means  being  the  principal.  It  takes  a  mine  to  make  a  mine, 
Spaniards  say,  and  it  is  true.  Some  of  our  greatest  mines  would  be  as  dead 
and  unknown  as  any  of  the  1,500  patented  mines  of  Utah  had  they  not  at 
an  early  stage  passed  into  the  hands  of  men  of  ample  means ;  men  able  to 
put  in  a  good  deal  of  mouey  bef  re  they  took  any  out.  There  ought  to  be 
200  producing  mines  on  the  Cottonwoods  and  American  Fork,  and  some 
day  there  will  be.  Some  accidental  strike  will  recall  attention  to  this 
mining  ground,  so  accessible  from  the  valley ;  men  will  again  flock  in 
there;  work  will  be  resumed  on  properties  partially  developed  by  men  full 
of  pluck  and  with  means,  and  also  on  the  merest  prospect  holes;  and  more 
money  will,  in  the  future,  come  down  these  streams  in  a  year  than  is 
taken  at  present  from  all  the  mines  of  Utah.  Fifty  mines  might  be  named 
in  the  district  that  need  nothing  but  work,  exploitation,  to  become  profit- 
able producers.  And  there  are  four  times  fifty  more,  probably  equally 
meritorious,  which  were  never  worked  enough  to  be  known.  There  are 
about  a  dozen  which  are  worked  in  a  small  way,  and  send  out  a  little  ore 
every  season. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  field  a  rich  company  early  became  engaged 
in  mining,  and  so  there  has  been  no  abandonment,  although  this  company's 
was  for  years  the  only  productive  property  in  Summit  County.  The  On- 
tario mine  was  discovered  by  the  merest  accident,  the  turning  of  a  loose 
cobble-stone  of  ore  in  the  bushes  on  the  side  of  Ontario  Gulch.  A  nar- 
row little  trench  a  few  feet  long  was  found  to  be  full  of  rich  ore,  and  the 
"  find  "  was  sold  to  Hearst,  Chambers  &  Haggin  for  $30,000.  The  Onta- 
rio Silver  Mining  Company  was  organized  and  a  great  deal  of  money  ex- 
pended in  mill  and  mining  plant  and  development  before  any  ore  of  con- 
sequence was  taken  out.  The  reader  of  these  pages  has  already  some  idea 
of  what  has  been  done  since.  If,  as  we  are  assured  by  the  superintend- 
ent, the  mill  has  three  more  years'  work  above  the  tenth  level,  it  will 
have  been  seventeen  years  exhausting  the  mine  to  that  level.  At  the  same 
rate,  with  the  lorg  drain  tunnel  completed  and  taking  the  water  from  the 
fifteenth  level,  there  are  eight  and  a  half  years'  work  between  the  tenth 
and  the  fifteenth  levels;  and,  if  the  formation  continues  and  the  vein  re- 
tains suflacient  fertility,  it  may  be  worked  by  pumps  to  the  twenty-fifth 
level,  seventeen  years  more,  or  in  all  forty-two  and  a  half  years.  Divi- 
dends of  $900,000  a  year  have  been  so  long  paid,  that,  as  has  been  said, 
they  are  looked  for  as  confidently  as  the  payment  of  interest  on  Govern- 
ment bonds.  Forty  years  of  life  for  such  a  mine  means  the  wresting  from 
that  fissure  of  $75,000,000,  and  the  payment  of  $40,000,000  in  dividends. 
Yet  one  year  the  ore  ran  down  to  $67  per  ton,  and  one-fourth  of  the  mine 
was  offered  for  $375,000,  and  after  examination  declined.  And  yet  again, 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  first  ore  taken  from  the  little  trench 
spoken  of  sold  in  Salt  Lake  for  $245  a  ton,  the  chances  are  ten  to  one  that 
if  the  owners  had  not  had  unlimited  means,  this  unequaled  mine,  which 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  57 

ivas  naturally  a  water  geyser,  would  have  been  abandoned  the  same  as  the 
Davenport  or  the  Wellington  or  the  McHenry  or  the  Hawkeye  or  the 
Lowell  are,  and  as  the  Crescent,  the  Woodside,  the  Wasatch,  and  a  hun- 
dred other  Utah  mines  at  one  time  or  another  have  been. 

The  Daly  is  a  continuation  of  the  Ontario  westward,  and  it  took  four 
years  of  outlay  to  work  this  mine  up  to  the  dividend-paying  stage.  Blind 
tunnels  were  run  into  the  banks  of  the  gulches,  and  a  shaft  put  down  500 
feet,  and  levels  and  cross-drifts  run,  pumps  set  and  compressors  and 
hoisting  plant  put  on,  and  a  mill  built;  and  long  after  that,  when  divi- 
dends had  begun,  a  considerable  interest  in  it  was  offered  for  sale  at  the 
rate  of  $200,000  for  the  whole.  Its  total  dividends  are  now  nearly  ten 
times  $200,000,  and  its  life  bids  fair  to  extend  side  by  side  with  that  of  its 
foster  father,  the  Ontario. 

There  are  mines  still  west  of  the  Daly  and  east  of  the  Ontario,  and 
alongside  of  both,  doubtless  as  good  as  they  are.  It  is  a  wonderful  dis- 
trict, full  of  prospect  holes,  of  tunnels  and  adits  and  shafts  stopped  just 
short  of  fruition.  There  was  the  Woodside,  abandoned  for  eight  years, 
then  taken  up  and  proved  a  bonanza,  and  that  has  revived  a  whole  group 
of  mines  in  the  vicinity,  and  in  other  localities,  and  thoroughly  broken  up 
the  superstition  that  there  was  but  one  mine  or  ore  vein  in  the  district. 
The  Anchor,  the  Alliance,  the  Crescent,  the  Apex,  and  at  least  a  score  of 
groups  within  three  miles  of  Park  City,  need  nothing  but  judicious  work- 
ing to  make  great  mines  of  them. 

American  Fork.— With  all  the  other  mining  districts  of  Utah,  Amer- 
ican Fork  has  experienced  a  resurrection,  though  but  few  mines  are  being 
worked,  and  their  shipments  and  profits,  if  any,  are  not  reported.  They 
are  "all  there,"  and  are  bound  to  come  to  the  front. 

Salt  Lake  County.— Little  Cottonwood  —The  mines  of  Salt 
Lake  County  are  at  Bingham  Caiion  in  the  Oquirrh,  and  on  the  Cotton- 
woods  in  the  Wasatch,  both  connected  with  the  Jordan  smelters  and  with 
Salt  Lake  City  by  rail  and  tramway. 

Concerning  the  mines  of  Little  Cottonwood,  a  writer  in  the  New 
Year's  Salt  Lake  Tribune  furnishes  the  following  review  for  the  year  1890, 
which  is  measurably  applicable  to  last  and  this  year: 

*'While  the  ore  product  the  past  season  was  not  much  in  excess  of  the 
last  few  years,  it  was  sufficient  to  greatly  encourage  the  few  who  have  had 
the  courage  to  remain,  satisfied  that  time  would  eventually  demonstrate 
that  their  confidence  in  the  permanency  of  the  ore  body  was  well  founded. 

*'The  developments  in  the  Emma  have  been  more  encouraging  than 
at  any  time  in  the  past  ten  years.  While  no  very  large  bodies  of  ore  have 
been  encountered,  a  number  of  promising  streaks  have  been  found,  yield- 
ing a  good  grade  of  ore,  running  up  to  200  ounces,  and  these  streaks  have 
widened  out  as  depth  is  obtained,  and  promise  to  increase  the  product 
very  materially  during  the  coming  season.  While  developing  these  richer 
veins,  they  have  struck  a  good  body  of  concentrating  ore,  which,  in  all 
probability,  will  alone  pay  all  the  expenses  of  operation  as  soon  as  the 
facilities  for  landing  the  ore  at  the  concentrator  are  perfected. 


58  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

"The  Flagstaff  for  the  first  thne  in  tea  years  is  again  in  ore.  During 
the  latter  part  of  the  season  they  encountered  quite  extensive  bodies  of 
mineral.  On  the  first  of  November  this  mine  had  500  tons  of  ore  in  the 
bins  ready  to  be  sent  to  the  samplers.  Their  ore  body  has  widened  out 
to  such  an  extent  that  they  are  taking  out  about  100  tons  a  week. 

"The  City  Rock  has  not  been  worked  the  past  season  by  the  owners. 
It  has  been  in  the  hands  of  leasers  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year, 
who  have  made  a  very  good  showing.  Just  at  the  close  of  the  season 
they  struck  quite  a  body  of  ore.  The  prospect  is  very  good  for  this  prop- 
erty. 

"  The  Vallejo  is  not  worked  very  energetically.  The  ore  is  of  a  very 
high  grade,  and  when  the  pockets  have  frequently  been  exhausted  others 
have  always  shown  up  as  development  proceeded.  The  Vallejo  has  un- 
doubtedly large  bodies  of  ore  remaining  awaiting  development. 

"The  Toledo,  at  one  time  a  mine  of  great  merit,  has  been  operated 
for  the  past  few  years  by  leasers  who  have  been  handicapped  by  the  great 
depth  of  water  in  the  lower  levels,  which  they  have  inadequate  facilities 
for  handling. 

"  The  owners  of  this  valuable  property  some  years  since  built  a  com- 
pressor for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  air  and  draining  the  water  from  the 
mine.  The  compressor  was  unfortunately  totally  destroyed  by  a  snow- 
slide,  which  so  disheartened  the  owners  that  they  have  never  resumed 
operations.  Yet  it  is  a  well  known  fact  that  good  bodies  of  high  grade 
ore  exist  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  mine.  The  Hoboken  is  an  old  loca- 
tion which  has  taken  on  a  new  lease  of  life  uuring  the  past  season,  and 
promises  to  become  a  good  producer  in  the  near  future. 

"The  Golconda,  immediately  south  of  the  Vallejo,was  a  great  producer 
in  former  years,  but  as  soon  as  the  first  body  of  ore  was  exhausted,  work 
was  given  up  by  the  owners.  The  mine  has  been  in  the  hands  of  leasers 
for  several  years  past.  From  the  success  they  have  met  with  it  is  certain 
that  if  vigorously  worked  it  would  still  be  a  valuable  property. 

"  The  Montezuma  group,  comprising  the  Savage,  Hiawatha,  Monte- 
7Amia  and  other  properties,  is  owned  by  an  Eastern  syndicate.  Operations 
on  this  group  have  been  retarded  for  several  years,  awaiting  the  comple- 
tion of  a  long  tunnel  and  upraise,  which  has  at  length  been  completed. 
Under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  Thomas  Buzzo,  one  of  the  most  competent 
mining  superintendents  in  the  country,  the  property  is  at  last  in  condition 
to  be  workrd  systematically.  Considerable  ore  is  in  sight,  and  if  Mr. 
Buzzo's  experiments  are  realized  a  great  quantity  of  ore  will  be  sent  to  the 
front  in  1891. 

"  The  Jack  mines,  owned  by  the  genial  Charles  Sickler,  and  his  friend, 
James  Tainsch,  is  looking  well — from  the  appearance  of  the  ore  that  has 
been  exposed;  it  looks  as  if  the  owners  would  be  able  to  spend  the 
rest  of  their  days  in  merited  comfort. 

"  The  Toledo  Dump,  under  the  management  of  Fritz  Rettisch,  has 
made  several  shipments  of  concentrates  during  the  summer  past. 

"The  Highland  Chief  has  been  in  the  hands  of  leasers  for  several 
years.    If  Mr.  Chisholm  would  put  a  little  of  the  great  wealth  he  is  deriv- 


UTAH  ITiRRITORY. 

ing  from  Tintio  into  this  property  it  would  doubtless  resume  its  former 
productiveness. 

"  These  are  the  principal  mines  from  which  shipments  have  been  made 
during  the  season  of  1S90.  A  number  of  new  prospects  have  been  opened 
up,  which  are  very  encouraging.  The  King  mine  has  been  worked  and 
incorporated  during  the  season  just  ended.  An  able  mining  expert  exam- 
ined this  property  and  made  a  very  flattering  report,  on  the  strength  of 
which  the  mine  was  immediately  incorporated.  Active  operations  will 
commence  as  soon  as  the  weather  will  permit,  and  from  present  indica- 
tions another  valuable  property  will  be  added  to  the  long  list  of  Utah 
ore  producers. 

"  The  ore  shipments  and  values  are  as  follows: 


MiKB. 


New  Emma... 

City  Rock 

Vallejo 

Toledo 

Hoboken   

Pittsburgh 

Montezuma  .... 

Jack 

Toledo  Dump  . 
Highland  Chief 

Total... 


980 


Tons. 

AVEKAGE. 

250 

110  ozs. 

175 

72    •' 

150 

160    " 

60 

125    •• 

70 

65    " 

60 

33    " 

150 

90    " 

10 

225    " 

25 

110    *' 

30 

TO    " 

Flagstaff,  large  quantity  on  hand,  averages  40  ozs.    No  shipments. 

''  Great  credit  is  due  the  English  owners  of  the  Emma  and  Flagstaff 
properties.  They  have  sustained  the  camp  during  its  past  seasons  of 
depression;  the  Emma,  to  afar  greater  extent  than  the  Flagstaff,  having 
spent  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  in  their  persistent  endeavors  to 
find  the  lost  ore  bodies,  and  now  that  their  efforts  bid  fair  to  be  crowned 
with  success  none  should  envy  their  good  fortune.  Mr .  Henry  Clay  Wallace 
has  been  the  efficient  manager  of  the  Emma  for  the  last  three  years.  If 
the  mine  comes  to  the  front  he  should  have  all  the  credit,  as  he  has 
worked  night  and  day  in  his  desire  to  succeed. 

The  Greely  mine  is  a  mile  from  the  tramway,  near  Alta.    A  little 
\vork  is  going  on  in  the  Peruvian,  the  Oxford  and  Geneva,  and,  indeed,  in 
"veral  other  once  noted  mines. 

Big  Cottonvtood.— This  district  has  a  number  of  good  mines,  while 
there  are  many  prospects  which  would  become  paying  properties  if  suf- 
ficient capital  and  energy  were  applied  to  their  development.  There  were 
more  signs  of  activity  the  past  few  months  than  for  several  years. 

The  Maxfield  is  the  leading  mine.  About  the  middle  of  1888  the  ore 
in  the  mine  was  cut  off  by  a  fault,  and  It  took  two  years  to  find  it  again 
and  make  the  necessary  connections  to  resume  the  extraction  of  ore. 
They  run  drifts  during  this  period  aggregating  6000  feet,  and  found  the 
new  ore  body  175  feet  southwest  and  250  feet  above  their  old  workings. 


60  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

Two  dividends  of  $9,000  each  have  been  paid.  Mr.  W.  F.  James,  the 
manager,  is  pleased  with  the  condition  and  prospects  of  the  property. 

The  Congo,  a  mile  and  a  half  above  the  Maxfield,  is  an  old  property 
which  laid  idle  for  years  awaiting  the  settlement  of  the  estate  of  Dr. 
Norton,  the  former  owner.  It  passed  into  the  hands  of  a  company  who 
are  running  a  tunnel  and  opening  up  a  good  property.  This  tunnel  has 
been  driven  200  feet. 

The  Queen  Bess  has  long  been  tied  up,  but  has  been  purchased  by 
parties  who  have  fair  promise  of  making  it  a  good  mine.  Mr.  Baker 
shipped  a  few  tons  of  ore  from  his  property,  and  developments  are  quite 
favorable.  Some,  but  not  much,  mining  was  done  on  Kesler's  Peak,  on 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  about  the  lakes,  and  on  Scott's  Peak. 

The  Gipsey-Blair  property  was  sold  in  1890.  The  new  owners  put  in 
new  machinery  and  are  doing  some  work. 

The  Reed  &  Benson,  in  early  times,  turned  out  $300,000,  but  the  ore 
pipes,  which  were  followed,  made  such  labyrinthine  workings  that,  at  a 
depth  of  about  500  feet,  work  ceased  in  the  mine,  and  a  tunnel  was 
driven  2,200  feet  on  a  level  600  feet  below  the  lowest  of  the  old  w^orkings. 

Bingham  Canon.— We  are  now  through  with  our  review  of  the  great 
mineral  field  east  of  Salt  Lake  City  in  the  tops  of  the  Wasatch.  The  scene 
is  transferred  to  the  Oquirrh  Range  west  of  Jordan  Valley,  or  to  that  part 
of  it  known  either  as  Bingham  Cafion  or  West  Mountain  District,  being  so 
much  of  the  eastern  face  of  the  range  as  has  been  cut  into  a  fan-shaped 
series  of  ravines  and.  ridges  by  the  melting  snows  which  find  their  way  out 
through  Bingham  Creek.  The  town  of  Bingham,  strung  along  the  gulch 
at  the  entrance  of  Carr  Fork,  where  the  gorge  is  deepest,  is  about  26  miles 
southwest  of  Salt  Lake  City  by  rail.  In  the  seventies  the  bed  and  sides 
of  the  gulch  were  burrowed,  tunneled  and  sluiced  in  many  places  as  gold 
placers,  and  the  end  of  gold  placer  mining  in  the  gulch  has  not  yet  come, 
if,  indeed,  the  beginning  has.  The  great  stream  of  lead-silver  ores  which 
has  flowed  out  of  the  canon  to  the  Jordan  smelters  for  20  years,  and  which 
is  now  swelling  in  volume,  will  be  our  first  theme.  In  the  earlier  years 
the  output  was  extraordinary,  but  when  the  oxidized  ores  of  the  surface 
had  been  mainly  used  up,  the  output  fell  off  to  a  point  much  below  what  it 
is  at  present,  and  for  the  past  few  years  it  has  steadily  increased.  The 
great  ore  channel  of  the  district  strikes  northeasterly  from  the  summit  of 
the  range  (Oquirrh)  about  three  miles  to  the  valley,  crossing  upper  Bing- 
ham, Bear,  Yosemite  and  Copper  Gulches.  Below  Bear  Gulch  its  course 
is  cut  off  from  the  range  by  Bingham  Canon ;  the  exposure  is  to  the  south, 
and  the  ground  is  comparatively  dry.  The  Brooklyn,  the  Yosemite,  the 
Yosemite  No.  2,  the  Miner's  Dream,  the  Wasatch  and  the  Lead  mines  are 
on  this  part  of  the  great  ledge  or  zone. 

(This  review  has  special  reference  to  1890,  but  with  the  necessary  sub- 
stitutions, is  fairly  applicable  to  the  subsequent  time.) 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  bl 

The  Brooklyn  comprises  several  locations  adjoining  the  old  Telegraph 
on  the  northeast.  The  hoisting  works  and  concentrating  mill  are  in  Yose- 
iiiite  Gulch,  300  to  400  feet  lower  than  the  divide  between  it  and  Bear 
Gulch.  The  main  incline  is  on  the  quartzite  footwall,  and  pitches  north- 
westerly at  an  angle  of  45  degrees.  Fifteen  levels  have  been  opened  along 
the  foot,  aggregating  in  length  about  four  miles.  The  ore  makes  in  pipes 
or  chimneys  100  to  150  feet  long  on  the  course  of  the  ledge,  and  from  2  to 
12  and  20  feet  thick.  These  chimneys  or  pipes  go  down  with  slight  change 
on  the  whole,  either  in  dimensions  or  character  of  contents.  The  ores 
are  galena,  carbonates,  and  sulphates,  60  per  cent  requiring  concentration 
to  bring  it  to  shipping  grade,  to-wit,  10  ounces  silver  and  50  per  cent  lead. 
Concentration  is  by  jigs  and  tables,  and  costs  75  cents  to  $1  per  ton. 
Three  hundred  to  600  tons  are  shipped  per  month  by  the  Brooklyn,  and 
have  been  the  past  seven  years.  The  vein  is  regular  and  well  defined  on 
the  footwall  side.  The  hanging  wall,  a  lime  shale,  is  much  less  easily  lo- 
cated, and  is  believed  to  be  400  feet  from  the  footwall. 

The  formation  is  complicated  by  the  existence  of  the  Yosemite,  com- 
prising several  locations,  on  a  vein  very  like  the  Brooklyn,  parallel,  pitch- 
ing perhaps  20  per  cent  less,  and  400  to  500  feet  toward  the  hanging  coun- 
try, on  which  the  workings  are  extensive  both  in  depth  and  lineally,  al- 
though less  extensive  than  the  workings  of  the  Brooklyn.  The  works  are 
in  Yosemite  Gulch ;  the  concentrating  mill  three  miles  below,  in  Butter- 
field  Canon.  The  ground  rises  each  way  from  Yosemite  Gulch,  and  a 
great  deal  of  it  is  still  unexploited.  Water  was  struck  in  the  working 
incline  on  the  6tli  level,  and  the  ore  became  pyritous,  but  down  near  the 
8th  level  it  changed  to  galena,  carrying  16  ounces  and  upwards  of  silver. 
The  Brooklyn  also  struck  water  in  one  of  its  ore  pipes  on  the  12th  level, 
but  the  lean  iron  pyrites  which  came  in  thereupon  gave  place  to  galena 
between  the  13th  and  14th  levels.  The  Brooklyn  and  Yosemite  are  now 
owned  by  the  Lead  Co.,  and  their  ores  ore  run  down  to  the  Lead  Con- 
centrating Mill  on  the  railway,  near  the  mouth  of  thecanon,  over  a  gravity 
tramway  about  5  miles  in  length. 

In  Copper  Gulch,  half  a  mile  further  east,  and  200  or  300  feet  lower, 
these  two  veins  are  known  and  worked  as  the  Lead  and  the  Yosemite 
No.  2,  and  as  the  Wasatch  and  the  Miner's  Dream,  respectively.  They 
have  the  same  general  characteristics  and  yield  the  same  kind  and  quality 
of  ores  as  the  Yosemite  and  the  Brooklyn.  The  Wasatch  and  the  Miner's 
Dream  are  opened  by  an  incline  to  the  depth  of  600  feet;  Yosemite 
No.  2,  by  a  shaft  to  the  thirteenth  level. 

West  of  the  Brooklyn  and  the  Yosemite,  in  the  Old  Telegraph  on  Bear 
Gulch,  where  the  exposure  is  to  the  northward,  these  two  veins,  if  such 
they  are,  seem  to  have  become  one.  The  clean  marketable  ore  on  this 
property,  which  is  a  consolidation  of  twenty-one  locations,  reached,  in 
places,  a  width  of  nearly  200  feet,  and  the  lean  iron  pyrites  upon  which  the 
oxidized  ores  bottomed  at  the  level  of  the  bed  of  the  gulch— here  and 
above  the  true  water  level— is  estimated  at  four  millions  to  five  millions 


62  UTAH  TEKKITORY. 

of  tons.  Out  of  the  ridges  bordering  Bear  Gulch,  more  than  70,000  tons  of 
oxidized  ores,  which  sold  for  upwards  of  11,500,000,  have  been  taken. 

Still  w^est  of  the  Old  Telegraph,  in  the  Spanish,  the  mineralized  zone 
is  600  feet  wide,  the  ore  making  in  pipes  and  kidneys  of  all  shapes  and 
dimensions,  but  with  a  certain  regularity  of  strike  and  dip.  On  the  sur- 
face there  was  a  vast  body  of  oxidized  ores. 

The  Jordan  lies  next  west.  At  its  intersection  with  the  South  Galena 
and  the  Utah  the  oxidized  ores  of  the  surface  worked  out  over  a  hundred 
thousand  tons,  worth  more  than  $2,000,000,  and  there  now  lies  in  the  same 
vicinity  a  million  tons  of  $20  quartz,  in  which  gold  and  silver  are  so  com- 
bined  that  no  way  has  yet  been  found  to  work  it  without  a  loss  of  most  of 
the  one  or  the  other  metal.  Four  hundred  thousand  tons  of  similar 
material,  bearing  $8  and  upwards  per  ton  in  gold  and  about  the  same  in 
silver,  constituted  a  hillside  above  the  bed  of  Carr  Fork  on  the  Stewart 
property,  half  or  three-fourths  of  a  mile  north  of  the  Jordan,  believed  by 
competent  geologists  to  be  part  of  the  same  deposit.  On  all  this  upper 
part  of  the  mineral  belt  the  snowfall  is  heavy^  it  melts  slowly,  sinking 
instead  of  running  off,  and  the  ground  appears  to  be  full  of  water  clear  up 
to  the  surface  drainage.  At  all  events,  the  surface  drainage  is  the  line  of 
division  between  oxidized  and  base  ores. 

The  Jordan,  the  Spanish  and  the  Old  Telegraph  were  paralyzed  for 
years  by  the  exhaustion  of  their  oxidized  ores ;  but  as  methods  have  im- 
proved, work  has  been  resumed,  and  their  output  is  yearly  increasing, 
shipments  comprising  remnants  of  surface  carbonates,  generally  requir- 
ing concentration,  and  galena,  more  or  less  mixed  with  iron  pyrites,  which 
has  to  be  roasted  and  in  much  of  it  the  pyrites  dressed  out.  All  these 
mines  have  concentrating  mills,  in  which,  by  a  careful  adjustment  of  jigs, 
screens  and  tables,  determined  or  regulated  by  experimenting,  galena 
and  iron  pyrites  are  obtained  as  separate  products,  cheaply  and  without 
great  loss.  The  latter  generally  carries  a  fair  proportion  of  the  silver  and 
has  a  value  as  fluxing  material. 

As  has  been  stated,  the  deepest  workings  in  the  Brooklyn  and  the 
Yosemite  seem  to  indicate  that  the  pyritous  zone  is  less  than  200  feet 
thick,  galena  predominating  below,  a  galena  twice  as  rich  in  silver  as  the 
surface  carbonates  and  sulphates.  If  this  prove  to  be  the  fact,  it  will  lead 
to  deeper  workings  on  the  upper  part  of  the  belt,  where  the  ores  appear 
to  be  in  practically  unlimited  quantity.  But  if  the  pyrites  persist  to  the 
deep,  the  future  of  the  district  must  mainly  depend  upon  the  utilization  in 
some  manner  of  low  grade  pyritous  ores.  To  accomplish  this,  cheap  and 
perfect  ore  dressing,  saving  of  all  the  contents  of  value,  cheaper  trans- 
portation, cheaper  fuel,  and  cheaper  labor  than  are  available  at  present, 
are  indispensable  conditions. 

A  great  number  of  locations  have  been  and  are  constantly  being  made. 

A  number  of  groups  of  claims  in  upper  Bingham,  purchased  by  the 
Niagara  Company,  organized  and  managed  by  Mr.  P.  A.  H.  Franklin, 
include  the  following :  The  Indiana,  the  Miller,  Idaho,  Accident,  Silver 
Plume,  Red  Cloud,  Dead  Thing,  the  Utah  group  of  five  claims,  the 
Spanish,  Black  Hawk,  Bonnie  Blue    Flag,  Murphy,  Crescent,  Canby, 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  63 

Climax,  Ajax,  Defiance^  Union,  Lady  Franklin,  Quaker  City,  Live  Pine, 
St.  Marks,  Mack  S.,  Alameda,  Austin  Ray,  Red  Cap,  Henrietta,  Red 
"Warrior,  Portland,  Sturgis,  Safe  Guard,  Rupert,  Oquille,  Dartmouth,  Bul- 
lion, Ben  Bolt,  Niagara,  Palon,  Bickerman,  Ohio,  and  perhaps  half  a 
dozen  more.  Many  of  these  claims  have  given  up  great  quantities  of  ore, 
and  in  many  of  them  there  are  large  bodies  of  ore  in  sight.  Old  openings 
have  been  cleared  out  and  retimbered,  and  new  works  begun,  notably  a 
new  working  shaft  in  the  heart  of  the  ground,  and  a  tunnel  for  drainage 
and  working  purposes  under-running  the  property  for  half  a  mile,  from  350 
to  1,200  feet  below  the  surface.  They  have  a  concentrating  mill,  capacity 
120  tons  per  day,  and  a  very  large  boarding  and  lodging  house  and  other 
conveniences.  In  purchasing  these  mines  and  initiating  the  new  work, 
$300,000  to  $400,000  was  expended.  Altogether  it  is  a  vast  mining 
property,  containing,  no  doubt,  millions  of  tons  of  ores  that,  with  means 
and  skill  and  pluck,  may  be  profitably  extracted  and  reduced.  But  the 
company  may  have  to  put  in  a  good  deal  more  money  in  preparatory'' 
work  before  they  can  take  out  the  ores  to  the  best  advantage,  and  it  will 
not  do  for  them  to  cut  off  the  supply  because  of  every  flurry  in  the  stock 
exchatiges.  This  enterprise  is  business,  not  speculation.  It  can  be  made, 
according  to  its  management,  one  of  the  most  profitable  mines  in  the 
world,  and  of  very  great  benefit  to  the  district  and  the  Territorj'-,  or  one  of 
the  most  noted  failures  amongst  mining  enterprises. 

Amongst  other  mines  in  Bingham,  which  are  now  worked  under  lease 
or  by  their  owners,  are  the  Old  Telegraph,  the  Jordan,  the  South  Galena, 
the  Winamuck  &  Dixon,  the  Buckeye,  the  Lucky  Boy,  the  Silver  Gaunt- 
let, the  Neptune,  the  Live  Yankee,  the  Monitor,  the  Highland,  the  York, 
the  Petro,  the  Minnie,  the  Leonard,  the  Agnes,  the  Pisa,  the  Mar}%  the 
Morning  Star,  the  Last  Chance,  the  Frisco,  the  Nast,  the  Stewarts  1  and 
2,  the  Big  Giant,  the  Littl6  Cottonwood,  the  Sampson,  etc.  It  is  not 
worth  while  to  try  to  give  an  idea  of  the  amount  and  nature  of  the  open- 
ings on  these  mines,  or  of  their  condition  and  prospects.  Output  is  all 
that  counts  in  mining. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  mines  which  shipped  100  tons  of  ore  or 

more  in  1890,  namely : 

Mine.  ■  Tons 

South  Galena    9,620 

Brooklyn p,092 

Yosemite  No,  2 2'610 

Old  Telegraph *. y'soo 

Spanish 2',100 

Niagara 1,.tOO 

Lead  and  Yosemite  No.  1 1,396 

Utah 1,210 

Winamnck 7i5 

York 660 

Highland 620 

Dixon 310 

Bough  and  Ready 212 

Silver  Hill 138 

Markham 137 

Silver  Gauntlet 133 

Buckeye 133 

Silver  Shield 114 

Last  Chance 107 

Fireclay 102 

Total .  32.39& 


04  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

Add  1,423  tons  shipped  by  40  other  mines  combined,  and  we  have 
33,822  tons  as  the  amount  of  ore  shipped  from  Bingham  in  1890. 

The  output  for  the  year  1891,  reached  the  enormous  figure  of  138,475,789 
pounds,  more  than  double  that  of  the  previous  year. 

The  mines  of  the  district  seem,  in  general,  to  be  steadily  improving, 
both  in  product  and  promise.  None  of  them  have  been  explored  to  any 
depth  below  water  level.  Most  of  them  are  worked  by  lessees,  depend 
upon  their  product  for  development,  and  even  for  plant,  and  are  necessa- 
rily worked  with  the  greatest  care  and  economy.  Could  this  district — and 
this  is  equally  true  of  all  our  mining  districts— command  means  by  assess- 
ment to  outfit  and  open  their  mines  systematically,  as  the  Comstock  mines 
could  and  did  for  twenty  years,  Utah  mining  "v/ould  enter  upon  a  new 
era,  and  our  output  would  be  doubled  twice  over. 

Tooele  County,  Rush  Valley  District. — A  stub  railway,  part  of 
the  Union  Pacific  system,  runs  from  Salt  Lake  City  west,  passing  round 
the  end  of  the  Oquirrh  Range  via  the  lake  shore,  and  bearing  southward 
to  within  a  mile  or  two  of  Stockton,  so  far  the  only  mining  town  of 
Tooele  County.  It  is  10  or  12  miles  south  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  about 
40  miles  from  Salt  Lake  City.  The  mineral  belt,  beginning  at  Stockton, 
strikes  southerly  along  the  foothills  of  the  western  slope  of  the  Oquirrh 
Range,  a  little  diagonally  with  the  range  itself,  throwing  it  up  toward 
the  summit  further  south,  as  at  Dry  Caiion,  Ophir  and  Lewiston.  The 
belt  is  a  mile  or  more  in  width.  There  appear  to  be  two  systems  of 
veins  at  Stockton,  one  striking  east  and  west,  in  which  the  main  ore  bodies 
make ;  the  other  north  and  south,  thinner,  less  persistent  and  apparently 
feeders.  The .  formation  is  quartzite  and  lime,  underlaid  by  syenite. 
Granitic  porphyry  dikes  cross  and  disturb  the  veins.  The  gangue  is 
oxide  of  iron,  quartz,  spath  and  clay.  The  ^e  is  galena  and  carbonates, 
free  from  base  metals,  and  very  desirable  as  a  flux  for  dryer  ores.  The  ore 
makes  in  well-defined  pipes  or  chimneys,  of  which  there  may  be  five  or 
six  in  the  course  of  a  thousand  linear  feet.  The  water  level  is  700  or  800 
feet  below  the  surface.  None  of  the  mines  appear  to  have  gone  below  it 
as  yet. 

Several  incorporated  companies  and  sundry  individual  miners  are 
working  and  developing  more  or  less  promising  properties  about  Stock- 
ton, and  the  business  and  its  returns  are  steadily  increasing.  Most  of 
these  mines  are  worked  by  lessees.  The  Honerine  is,  perhaps,  the  leading 
mine  at  Stockton.  The  mine  is  a  bedded  vein  in  magnesian  limestone, 
crossed  by  dikes  of  porphyry  and  a  series  of  thin  fissure  veins.  It  is 
equipped  with  steam  hoist  and  is  opened  to  the  water  level,  about  800  feet, 
by  working  incline  and  levels  100  feet  apart. 

(This  account  was  not,  excepting  the  concluding  part,  written  for  the  present 
year,  but  is  mainly  applicable.) 

Dry  Canon. — At  Dry  Canon  lessees  and   part  owners    have   been 

extracting  ore  of  good  quality  from  a  group  of  claims  consisting  of  the 

Brooklyn,  Elgin,  Belfast  and  Trade  Wind.    The  Mono  turned  out  a  good 

deal  of  exceedingly  rich  ore  from  its  surface  bonanza,  but  it  has  long  laid 

idle.    The  owners  of  the  Hoistead  have  a  valuable  property. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  65 

Opuik.— The  Ophir  Hill  Mining  Company  own  the  Miners'  Dehght, 
Hterally  a  mountain  of  low-grade  ore,  to  concentrate  which  they  have 
completed  a  mill  capable  of  handling  150  tons  a  day.  A  hoist  is  operated 
by  compressed  air  from  the  mill,  which  is  650  feet  below  the  mill.  The 
air  is  carried  up  in  pipes,  and  the  ore  dropped  down  on  a  tramway  a  dis- 
tance of  2,300  feet.  The  mine  is  an  old  one ;  it  has  long  been  worked 
under  lease,  and  it  is  not  in  very  good  shape.  Righted  up,  it  is  expected 
to  last  the  life  of  a  generation. 

The  Utah  Gem  is  a  contact  between  lime  and  slate  shale  about  12  feet 
thick,  fed  by  a  series  of  stringers  from  the  footwall  country.  The  ore 
makes  in  pipes,  and  can  be  selected  to  a  very  high  grade.  Mr.  L.  E. 
Holden,  the  owner,  has  a  10-starap  mill,  and  has  done  considerable 
marketing. 

The  Monarch  and  Northern  Light,  long  dormant  on  account  of  liti- 
gation, are  regular  shippers  of  hig^-grade  ore.  The  vein  is  large,  dips  to 
southwest  about  30  degrees,  and  is  opened  to  a  depth  of  over  900  feet. 
The  ore  in  the  Monarch  is  a  milling  ore ;  in  the  Northern  Light,  a  lead 
carbonate  containing  chloride. 

The  Buckhorn  group  is  in  the  hands  of  a  company,  and  is  systemati- 
cally worked. 

Besides  these  properties  there  are  the  North  Star,  with  a  12-foot  vein 
of  ore;  the  Gladstone,  the  Chance,  the  Forest  group,  all  eligibly  located; 
and  scores  and  hundreds  of  others  await  the  application  of  capital  to  make 
them  contributors  to  the  wealth  of  the  whole  country. 

Mr.  Frank  Burk,  in  a  letter  in  the  Salt  Lake  Tribiine,  voices  the  chief 
need  of  this  region  as  follows : 

"The  lack  of  railway  transportation  is  the  only  drawback  to  this  dis- 
trict (Ophir),  and  south  along  the  Range  to  Boulder  and  North  Tintic.  If 
the  Deep  Creek  Railroad  people  would  send  a  competent  engineer  to 
Stockton  and  Ophir,  with  instructions  to  examine  the  feasibility  of  a  route 
for  their  road  by  way  of  these  points  and  south  along  the  base  of  the 
Oquirrh  Range,  through  either  Boulder  or  Twelve  Mile  Pass,  to  Eureka, 
Silver  City,  and  then  due  west  through  West  Tintic,  Desert,  Death  Caiion 
and  the  Dugway  district  to  Clifton  and  its  destination.  Deep  Creek,  they 
would  find  that  such  an  engineer  would  report  ore  in  great  quantities  on 
nearly  every  mile  along  the  route.  The  object  of  the  road  is  to  reach  the 
mines  on  the  western  border  of  Utah,  and  beyond,  in  Central  and  Southern 
Nevada.  If  it  is  an  object  to  reach  out  after  this  ore,  200,  300,  400 
miles  away,  why  is  it  not  an  object  to  reach  the  mines  so  much  nearer  at 
hand?  There  is  no  better  field  for  investment  of  capital  in  the  entire 
west  than  that  which  the  Oquirrh  Range  offers,  on  both  slopes,  all  within 
100  miles  of  Salt  Lake  City.  The  mines  will  remain  undeveloped  and 
dead  property,  as  for  the  most  part  they  are  and  long  have  been,  until 
money  can  be  obtained  to  open  them.  The  money  will  come  with  the 
railway,  and  it  will  not  go  far  in  advance  of  the  railway  after  low  grade 
ores." 

The  Union  Pacific  should  extend  the  Stockton  line  down  the  west 
base  of  the  Oquirrh  to  the  vicinity  of  Tintic,  there  connect  their  Tintic 


66  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

line  with  the  Stockton  line,  and  go  west,  on  the  route  Mr.  Burk  advises. 
Should  they  do  so  they  would  have  all  the  business  between  Salt  Lake  City 
and  Deep  Creek  within  a  year  or  tv/o  that  a  first-class  line  could  do. 
Beyond  Deep  Creek,  the  Union  Pacific  Company  is  aware,  from  its  own 
investigation,  that  a  railway  would  have  all  it  could  do,  almost  from  the 
day  of  its  opening.  It  is  the  stretch  between  Salt  Lake  City  and  Nevada 
of  which  the  company  is  doubtful.  The  writer  agrees  with  Mr.  Burk  that 
the  capacity  of  this  stretch  to  develop  railroad  business,  if  the  route  he 
suggested  be  taken,  has  been  very  much  underestimated,  even  by  the  most 
enthusiastic  devotees  of  a  railway  to  the  Deep  Creek  country. 

The  great  Utah  mine,  of  Fish  Springs,  is  already  a  bonanza, 
being  as  extensive  a  shipper  as  is  consistent  with  the  high  price 
of  teaming.  As  a  producer  of  rich  ore  it  rivals  the  Ontario. 
There  are  many  others  here  and  at  Dugway,  in  the  same  region 
of  country,  which  would  be  wealth-producers  with  a  railroad. 

Piute  County  :  Marysvale.— This  is  the  mining  town  of  Piute  County. 
It  is  seventeen  miles  above  Monroe,  on  the  Sevier,  ninety  miles  from  Juab, 
the  nearest  railway  station.  This  was  one  of  the  first  mining  districts 
organized  in  Utah,  and  eighteen  years  ago  wagons  loaded  with  Marysvale 
ores  were  not  an  infrequent  sight  in  the  streets  of  Salt  Lake  City.  The 
haul  of  200  miles,  however,  proved  too  expensive,  and  later  the  haul  of 
ninety  miles. 

The  following,  from  the  Christmas  Herald,  1891,  is  a  very  complete 
showing : 

"  Marysvale  is  located  in  Piute  County,  just  over  the  divide  from  Sevier 
County.  It  is  about  nine  miles  west  of  a  direct  line  south  of  Salt  Lake  and 
about  two  hundred  miles  south.  It  lies  in  a  little  valley  that  is  protected 
on  all  sides  by  the  hills  which  form  a  barrier  against  heat  or  cold.  The 
low  pasture  lands  are  covered  with  thickly  growing  hay  and  marsh  rushes, 
that  form  a  curious  contrast  to  the  mineralized  hills  surrounding  them. 
There  is  salt,  alum  and  fire  clays,  besides  the  rich  mmes  of  the  Bullionville, 
or  Ohio,  and  Mount  Baldy  districts,  situated  on  the  west  and  south  of 
Marysvale  proper.  Marysvale  was  a  mining  camp  as  early  as  1862,  when 
a  party  of  Mormons  came  in  and  settled  on  the  fertile  farm  lands.  The 
Indians  were  very  troublesome,  however,  and,  until  1867,  very  little  if  any, 
but  farming  and  prospect  worlc  was  done,  the  Indians  having  completely^ 
cleared  the  camp  about  two  years  prior  to  this  time. 

"In  1868  Mr.  Jacob  Hess  of  Manti,  with  a  party  of  prospectors,  pushed 
up  in  the  Bullionville  canon  and  among  other  prospects  located  the  Bully 
Boy,  which  has  produced  ore  in  paying  quantities  more  or  less  ever  since. 
The  early  settlers  located  in  the  caiion  west  of  the  present  site,  thinking 
the  protection  of  the  hills  would  afford  relief  from  the  Indians.  They  soon 
after  removed  to  the  more  open  and  milder  climate  down  where  they  are 
now  located,  and  Bullionville  was  abandoned.    The  relics  of  this  camp  are 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  f;7 

plainly  seen  to-day.  In  the  early  days'  development,  work  was  necessarily 
limited,  on  account  of  transportation  facilities,  which  even  to-day  are  so 
very  limited  that  wftre  the  Rio  Grande  Western  to  push  in,  Marysvale 
would  come  out  as  one  of  the  richest  camps  in  the  west.  The  mine  owners 
are  now  only  waiting  the  advent  of  this  much-desired  facility  to  spend 
millions  to  develop  the  latent  properties. 

''Among  the  well-known  mining  men  and  capitalists  are  R.  C.  Cham- 
bers, L.  U.  Colbath,  G.  F.  Dalton,  L.  E.  Hall,  E.  J.  Yard,  F.  A.  Powell  (of 
the  Rio  Grande  Western),  W.  C.  Hall,  R.  Wamock,  George  M.  Scott,  A.  M. 
Musser,  Elias  Morris,  Henry  W.  Lawrence,  Gilmore  &  Salsbury,  Marshal 
Parsons,  Ex-Marshal  Dyer.  Mrs.  Senator  Hearst,  of  Sen  Francisco,  besides 
a  great  many  local  capitalists  who  are  not  so  well  known  as  those  above 
mentioned. 

"  To  commence  with,  we  will  briefly  note  the  mines  which  have  been 
patented,  which,  of  course,  we  will  remind  our  readers,  requires  an  outlay 
of  $500  to  secure  this,  and  were  there  auy  question  in  the  minds  of  the 
patentees  as  to  the  quality  of  the  investment,  we  may  be  sure  they  would 
not  plank  down  this  much  cash  in  an  idle  venture. 

"  The  Bully  Boy  and  Webster  is  the  first  location  in  the  camp,  and  on 
it  has  been  done  more  development  work  than  any  of  the  later  discoveries. 
This  property  is  owned  by  the  Webster  Milling  and  Mining  Company, 
Messrs.  R.  C.  Chambers,  L.  U.  Colbath,  L.  Hale,  Thomas  Ferguson,  all  of 
Salt  Lake,  except  the  last  named  gentleman,  who  has  full  charge  at  the 
vnle.  They  are  located  about  six  miles  up  the  caiion,  in  the  Ohio  district. 
The  mill  works  of  this  company  contain  a  10-stamp  mill,  but  heretofore 
they  have  only  run  about  60  per  cent  of  this  capacity,  but  preparations 
are  at  present  being  made  to  increase  this  capacity  to  18  tons  per  day. 
They  will  put  in  new  concentrating  machinery  and  will  run  to  their 
full  extent.  The  contracts  are  out  for  completion  of  the  works  by 
April  1, 1892,  when  work  will  be  in  good  shape  for  operations  on  a  large 
scale.  The  ore  shows  a  regular  milling  assay  of  $G0  in  gold  and  silver, 
and  there  is  considerable  ore  on  the  dump.  All  operations,  except  drifting 
and  development  work,  are  stopped  until  April  1st.  They  have  a  lOo-foot 
fall  for  the  mill  power,  with  a  turbine  power  of  80-horse.  During  the 
past  season  they  have  been  running  about  eight  tons  per  day  in  the  mill 
and  shipped  about  one  ton  of  ore  per  month  and  two  tons  of  concentrates. 
They  have  employed  from  eighteen  to  twenty  men  at  the  mines  and  seven 
to  ten  in  the  mill,  running  day  and  night.  They  have  paid  in  wages  about 
$3,000  per  month.  After  April  1st,  they  will  increase  this  to  $5,000  or $6,000, 
and  have  an  output  of  fully  double  that  of  1891.  This  summer  they  have 
run  in  a  tunnel  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  about  seven  hundred  feet  on  the 
ledge,  and  at  present  it  is  showing  a  perpendicular  depth  of  500  feet,  and 
when  they  reach  the  full  length  of  this  tunnel  they  will  show  a  depth  of 
over  three  thousand  feet.  They  will  then  reach  the  extension  of  the  Dalton 
property. 

"  The  Dalton  Company  comes  in  next,  as  their  operations  this  season 
have  been  on  no  small  scale.  They  have  just  completed  and  placed  in 
operation  a  Huntington  centrifugal  roller  process  milling  plant  at  an  outlay 


68  UTAH  rERKlTORY. 

of  $8,000.  They  have  employed  from  twenty  to  thirty  men  since  the  latter 
part  of  August.  This  mill  is  located  about  three  miles  above  the  Webster 
and  presents  a  very  animated  appearance  when  in  full  blast.  The  mines 
are  located  three  miles  further  up  the  canon,  and  consist  of  the  Pearl  and 
Hard  Cash,  and  a  group  of  prospects  that  ar^;  being  worked  and  developed. 
From  the  Pearl  and  Hard  Cash  mines  they  have  been  obtaining,  on  an 
average,  about  six  tons  per  day.  Mr.  Emmanuel  Poulson  has  had  charge  of 
this  department,  conveying  the  ore  in  sacks  on  a  pack  of  twenty-one  mules. 
His  bill  amounts  to  about  $600  a  month.  In  some  recent  finds,  a  vein  of 
three  and  a  half  feet  shows  the  enormous  figures  of  $1,600.40  and  $1,500.70, 
to  the  ton ,  and  a  regular  car  lot  samples  from  $200  to  $270  to  the  ton,  mostly 
in  gold,  although  there  is  a  trace  of  silver.  The  Dalton  Company  has 
expended  this  season  in  machinery  and  development  work  over  $29,000, 
and  in  the  spring  will  produce  some  of  the  most  valuable  ores  ever  mined 
in  the  territory. 

"  The  Copper  Belt  is  located  on  the  north  side  of  Bullion  Canon  and  is 
a  patented  claim  owned  by  Thomas  Ferguson  and  some  others,  who  have 
leased  it  to  Parsons,  Vandercook  and  S.  F.  Mount  of  Salt  Lake.  Mr.  Mount 
has  it  in  charge  and  has  spent  considerable  money  in  development.  He 
has  sunk  a  shaft  325  feet,  with  good  paying  ore  all  the  way  down.  The  ore, 
as  shipped  in  its  crude  state,  is  valued  at  from  $.500  to  $600  per  ton.  The 
inaccessibility  to  the  mine  makes  it  very  expensive  transferring  the  ore  to 
the  shipping  point.  These  gentlemen  anticipate  doing  considerable  work 
in  the  spring  and  will  erect  a  concentrator. 

"  The  Branch  Lode,  D.  C.  Tate,  manager,  has  run  in  a  drift  about  50 
feet  and  one  about  36  feet,  also  a  drift  that  follows  the  vein.  They  have 
taken  out  considerable  ore,  which  remains  on  the  dump.  Mr.  Tate  is  pre- 
paring to  sort  the  ore  for  shipment.  He  will  have  some  fifteen  or  twenty 
tons  ready  for  shipment  in  January.  In  recent  assays  they  found  better 
ore.  There  are  good,  well-defined  assay  veins  from  12  inches  to  20  inches, 
assaying  from  $100  to  $400,  with  about  20  per  cent  gold.  This  is  owned 
by  the  Deseret  Gold  and  Silver  Mining  Company,  which  is  intending  to 
drive  a  new  tunnel  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  to  cross-cut  the  vein  at  its  lowest 
point,  which  will  make  the  mouth  of  the  tunnel  close  to  the  road.  Besides 
the  original  vein,  there  are  three  othess,  ranging  from  an  average  of  about 
$40  to  the  ton,  and  will  be  mined  as  developments  are  made.  This  is  the 
property  owned  by  Messrs.  A.  M.  Musser,  Elias  Morris,  a  Mr.  Thompson 
and  other  prominent  Salt  Lakers. 

"Uncle  Sam  is  a  patented  mine  owned  by  Mr.  Bevans,  of  Salt  Lake, 
with  others.  It  shows  a  large  vein  of  high  grade  ore.  It  is  situated  in  the 
Mount  Baldy  district,  about  ten  miles  southeast  of  Marysvale.  There  are 
some  valuable  iron  claims  taken  and  patented  in  this  district;  they  were 
originally  located  for  fluxing  purposes,  and  will  eventually  be  valuable 
property. 

"The  Pluto  is  located  in  the  Mount  Baldy  district  and  shows  very  high 
grade  ore,  but  it  is  of  very  difficult  access.  Thomas  Ferguson,  with  some 
others,  are  the  owners. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  69 

"The  Mountain  Chief  is  a  contact  vein  averaging  about  three  feet, 
running  about  $500  to  the  ton.  This  comes  in  the  Mount  Baldy  district, 
up  the  Cottonwood  canon  about  ten  miles  south  of  Marysvale.  It  is  owned 
by  King  «fe  Son  and  Mr.  Ware  —poor  men  awaiting  the  wheel  of  capital  to 
turn  their  way. 

"  The  Best  Out  is  another  valuable  property  showing  low  grade  ore  in 
plenty,  and  easy  of  acce-s.  It  is.owned  by  R.  Wurnock  and  others.  They 
have  a  large  consignment  on  the  dump  ready  for  railroad  connection. 

*'  The  Clyde  Group  embraces  a  number  of  prospects  and  mines  with 
assays  running  high  in  gold  and  silver,  some  of  which  show  $.50  in  silver, 
$300  in  gold  and  about  15  per  cent  in  copper.  The  owners  have  done  con- 
siderable work — about  400  feet  of  shaft  and  fully  1,160  feet  of  tunnel  ani 
drifting.  These  properties  are  owned  by  W.  C.  Hall,  of  Salt  Lake,  and 
Thomas  Ferguson,  and  they  have  recently  closed  negotiations  with  an 
English  syndicate,  who  are  required  to  expend  in  development  a  working 
capital  of  $75,000  under  the  supervision  of  the  owners.  This  wil*l  create  a 
considerable  boom  early  in  the  spring. 

"  The  Crystal  is  another  patented  location  in  the  Mount  Baldy  district. 
Over  $25,000  has  been  expended  in  development  and  about  ten  thousand 
tons  of  ore  is  on  the  dump.  This  is  owned  by  Mayor  George  M.  Scott,  of 
Salt  Lake,  and  shows  encouragement  in  every  respect  It  is  understood  a 
large  force  of  men  will  be  put  on  in  the  spring  and  extensive  operations 
extended. 

"  The  Grand  View  is  owned  by  Dewitt,  Robbins  &  Hammil,  and  shows 
a  sample  assay  of  $G0  to  the  ton.    It  is  located  in  the  Ohio  district. 

"  The  Star  Group  is  owned  by  R.  Warnock,  of  Salt  Lake;  $20,000  has 
been  expended  in  development  work,  and  sample  assays  show  a  valuation 
of  from  $20  to  $500.  It  is  located  in  the  Ohio  district,  about  a  half  mile 
west  of  the  Bully  Boy  and  Webster  mines. 

"The  Cascade  is  located  about  the  same  as  the  Star  Group  and  shows 
an  assay  of  from  20  to  150  silver  and  22  per  cent  lead.  It  is  owned  by 
Miles  Durkee  and  Reuben  DeWitt.  The  vein  is  about  four  feet  and  is  of 
easy  access.  A  force  of  men  will  be  put  on  early  in  the  spring,  if  capital 
can  be  secured. 

"The  Mountain  Queen  Group.— This  valua))le  group  is  owned  by 
the  same  parties  as  the  Cascade,  and  is  another  one  requiring  working 
capital.  The  owners  have  done  considerable  prospect  work  and  show  an 
assay  of  from  $60  to  $460.  It  is  k)cated  near  the  Dalton  in  the  Ohio 
district.  They  have  a  shaft,  cross-cuts  and  tunnels,  and  mining  experts 
say  this  is  one  of  the  best  properties  in  the  camp. 

"The  Kearsarge,  located  over  2,000  feet  west  of  the  Bully  Boy  and 
Webster,  runs  about  $62  in  gold.  This  is  owned  by  E.  J.  Yard  and  F.  A. 
Powell,  of  the  Rio  Grande  Western,  and  W.  H.  Cowans.  The  develop- 
ment work  shows  a  shaft  seventeen  feet,  a  tunnel  about  thirty  feet  and 
a  vein  averaging  about  one  foot.  About  ten  tons  of  good  ore  are  on  the 
dump. 

"  Lost  Lead  is  another  poor  nuurs  property,  and  one  of  the  most 
valuable  in  the  camp.    It  is  owned  by  L.  Washburn  and  Frank  Wright. 


70  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

They  have  run  a  fifty-foot  tunnel  and  sunk  a  shaft  about  one  hundred  feet, 
with  fvilly  60  feet  of  drifting,  showing  a  body  of  free  milling  ore  running 
from  $40  to  $65  in  gold  and  silver.  They  have  expended  about  $3,000, 
two-thirds  of  which  has  been  used  within  seven  or  eight  months.  This  is 
located  near  the  Bully  Boy  and  Webster,  in  the  Ohio  district. 

"The  Pistol  Pocket  is  a  find  made  by  Frank  King,  and  our  report* 
which  appeared  in  the  daily  of  October,  met  the  eyes  of  a  capitalist,  who 
is  putting  up  the  capital  to  push  developments  this  winter.  It  is  in  the 
Ohio  district,  of  quite  diflicult  access.  The  general  outlook  is  fully  100  per 
cent  better  than  ever  before,  and  from  the  present  indications  when  spring 
opens  up,  Marysvale  will  be  the  liveliest  camp  in  the  territory  in  propor- 
tion to  the  population.  This,  of  course,  will  be  largely  augmented  when 
the  Rio  Grande  Western  gets  in,  which  is  expected  by  June  1st,  1892. 

"The  Antelope,  owned  by  Febyre,  McCarty,  John  Jacobs  and  Mrs. 
Stark,  is  situated  in  the  Henry  district  in  Sevier  County,  about  five  miles 
north  of  Marysvale.  It  has  a  gold  and  silver  bearing  ledge.  The  pay 
streak  is  about  three  feet,  assays  about  $27.60  on  an  average,  and  carries  25 
per  cent  lead,  25  in  gold,  and  70  ounces  in  silver.  They  have  a  shaft  about 
80  feet  deep  and  some  drifting,  amounting  to  about  4,000  feet.  This 
property  is  of  easy  access,  and  an  old  miner  says  he  will  place  5,000  tons 
on  the  dump  at  $5  per  ton.  The  dump  is  within  about  a  mile  from  the 
surveyed  road  of  the  Rio  Grande  Western,  and  a  canon  road  leads  to  the 
mine,  v 

"  The  Sevier  Gold  Mining  Company  is  controlled  by  Salt  Lake  parties. 
They  have  several  valuable  claims,  and  have  shipped  some  ore.  A  ten- 
stamp  mill  has  been  erected,  and  shipments  of  gold  bullion  may  soon  be 
looked  for. 

"Reed  &  Benson  is  an  old  property  that  has  shipped  heavily  in  the 
past,  and  will  soon  resume  its  former  prestige.  A  complete  electric 
plant  is  now  being  put  in  under  the  management  of  H.  C.  Goodspeed. 

"A  force  of  men  has  been  busy  on  the  Silver  King  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  year,  but  no  shipments  were  reported." 

Washington  County. — From  the  same  source  we  extract  the  following 
interesting  chapter : 

"Few  people  realize  the  vast  amount  of  mineral  wealth  contained  in 
the  mountains  of  Washington  County,  now  lying  comparatively  dormant 
for  lack  of  railroad  facilities.  A  lisC  of  the  advantages  that  would  accrue 
to  the  people  of  Southern  Utah  by  railroad  connection,  either  with  the 
North  or  West,  would  fill  a  volume.  Among  the  many  benefits  to  be 
derived  by  such  connection,  a  few  may  be  mentioned.  The  advent  of  the 
iron  horse  into  'Dixie'  in  the  South  means  renewed  energies  on  the  part  of 
the  people ;  the  development  of  unlimited  mineral  resources  hitherto  only 
partly  worked ;  the  opening  up  of  new  agricultural  lands  second  to  none 
in  the  world  for  productiveness,  and  only  awaiting  home-seekers  and 
markets  for  the  yield ;  an  increase  in  the  shipment  of  cattle,  horses,  sheep 
and  hogs,  of  which  the  southern  tier  of  counties  are  the  greatest  producers 
in  the  West ;  the  erection  of  great  sanitariums  at  the  many  mineral  springs 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  71 

of  Washington  County,  the  waters  of  which  possess  as  high  medicinal 
qualities  as  do  any  in  the  world,  those  of  Carlsbad  and  Arkansas  not 
excepted ;  an  increase  in  the  acreage  devoted  to  vineyards,  orchards,  of 
early  and  semi-tropical  fruits,  and  the  production  of  cotton ;  the  establish- 
ment of  canneries  and  various  other  manufacturing  plants ;  and  last,  but 
not  least,  would  bring  the  people  into  close  communication  with  the  out- 
side world,  thus  opening  up  new  territory  for  business  transactions  and 
commercial  relations. 

"Nature  seems  to  have  intended  the  country  below  the  rim  of  the  Great 
Basin  as  her  mineral  treasure  house,  and  deposited  therein  unlimited 
quantities  of  useful  and  precious  metals,  which,  as  the  territory  north,  east 
rtud  west  is  fast  reaching  that  stage  when  investors  in  search  of  good  invest- 
ments for  their  wealth  must  turn  to  pastures  new,  is  beginning  to  attract 
the  attention  of  mining  men  the  world  over.  The  country  in  this  district 
is  of  volcanic  origin,  and  the  earth  in  its  tremendous  convulsions  seems  to 
have  turned  inside  out,  and  left  great  ledges  and  bodies  of  ore  exposed  to 
the  view  of  even  the  most  careless  observer.  The  mountains  of  Washing- 
ton County  are  filled  with  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  sulphur,  iron,  platinum, 
zinc,  ochre,  salt,  alum,  and  mineral  wax  in  unestimated  quantities. 
Almost  every  mineral  known  in  mineralogy  has  been  found  there,  but  the 
lack  of  cheap  transportation  makes  it  almost  impossible  to  develop  the 
prospects  to  their  full  extent,  and  valuable  properties  that  would  yield 
millions  if  they  could  be  properly  worked,  are  now  lying  idle. 

"Within  the  last  year  mining  in  the  South  has  received  an  impetus 
never  before  experienced  since  the  great  silver  camp.  Silver  Reef,  prac- 
tically ceased  operations.  Chiefly  through  the  efforts  and  operations  of 
Woolley,  Lund  &  Judd,  Washington  County  has  again  become  a  producer  to 
no  mean  extent,  and  now  has  in  full  operation  one  of  the  richest  copper 
mines  in  the  country— the  Apex,  one  of  the  Dixie  group— situated  about 
eighteen  miles  southwest  of  St.  George,  the  county  seat  and  metropolis  of 
Washington  County.  The  group  is  owned  by  Woolley,  Lund  &  Judd,  and 
is  incorporated  under  the  title  of  the  Dixie  Mining  and  Smelting  Company, 
with  John  Pymm,  president;  Robert  C.  Lund,  vice-president;  Seth  A. 
Pymm,  secretary ;  James  Andrus,  Thomas  Judd,  H.  Pickett  and  Brigham 
Jarvis,  directors.  The  company  is '  the  owner  of  thirteen  adjoining 
claims. 

"The  first  discovery  was  made  several  years  ago  by  St.  George  parties, 
the  outcropping  or  apex  being  nearly  to  the  top  of  the  mountain.  A  shaft 
was  sunk  a  considerable  distance  until  it  became  evident  that  the  vein 
went  down  at  an  angle  of  nearly  45  degrees,  and  could  be  reached  from 
below.  As  a  large  amount  of  ore  of  good  paying  quality  had  been  taken 
out,  a  small  smelter  was  erected,  and  made  several  short  runs  with  good 
success.  The  mine  then  lay  idle  until  about  a  year  ago,  when  Woolley, 
Lund  &  Judd  took  the  management. 

"For  the  purpose  of  more  fully  developing  the  claims,  the  company 
decided  to  go  down  the  mountain  about  three  hundred  feet  and  run  a 
tunnel  into  the  hill  in  such  a  manner  as  to  strike  the  vein  where  the  ore 
body  was  more  extensive.    One  hundred  and  fifty-five  feet  from  the  collar 


72  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

of  the  tunnel  a  large  cave  was  discovered.  A  man  was  let  down  on  a 
windlass  300  feet,  and  made  a  full  exploration  of  the  cavern,  but  could  find 
no  connection  whatever  with  the  ledge  or  ore  body.  A  strong  current  of 
air  came  from  below,  thus  insuring  the  best  of  ventilation  for  the  mine 
and  also  good  drainage.  After  about  fifty  feet  the  ore  body  was  encoun- 
tered, the  grade  of  rock  being  good.  In  the  hope  of  striking  the  ledge  of 
galena,  which  cropped  out  near  the  copper  at  the  Apex,  the  tunnel  was 
continued  until  it  had  reached  a  depth  of  400  feet.  The  miners  were  then 
withdrawn  from  that  portion  of  the  mine  and  put  to  work  on  the  ledge 
proper,  which  is  over  one  hundred  feet  thick,  composed  of  low  grade 
carbonate  lead  ore,  soft  iron  and  decomposed  lime,  with  occasional  bunches 
of  rich  galena.  The  high  grade  copper  ore,  which  assays  as  high  as  85  per 
cent,  is,  found  in  almost  inexhaustible  quantities  near  the  hanging  wall  of 
the  mine,  a  ledge  of  dolomite.  The  country  rock  on  all  the  claims  is  a 
hard,  dark-colored  limestone.  At  present  five  large  ore  slopes  are  in  sight, 
and  turn  which  way  you  will,  high  grade  ore  is  encountered.  Since  work 
was  begun  on  the  tunnel  in  November,  1890,  the  company  has  worked  an 
average  of  six  men,  sometimes  running  as  high  as  twelve. 

"The  high  grade  ore  is  all  shipped  east  to  New  York,  but  in  order  to 
reduce  that  of  lower  grade,  the  company  erected  a  twenty-ton  water-jacket 
smelter  at  St.  George,  on  the  creek  which  furnished  the  people  with  water. 
The  blower  and  crusher  are  run  by  water  power,  a  good  head  being 
obtained  by  building  a  new  canal  at  a  considerable  expense.  The  mine 
furnishes  all  the  flux  necessary  to  reduce  the  ores,  which  smelt  very  freely. 

''The  smelter  started  up  October  26th  and  run  sixteen  and  one-half 
days  without  an  accident,  reducing  350  tons  of  second-class  ore  and  pro- 
ducing 90.63  tons  of  bullion.  The  run  proved  so  satisfactory,  both  in 
workings  and  financial  results,  that  the  company  is  preparing  to  continue 
work,  and  has  about  300  tons  of  ore  at  the  smelter.  As  soon  as  enough 
charcoal  and  material  are  on  hand,  another  and  lengthier  run  will  be 
made.  The  copper  sells  readily,  being  of  very  superior  quality,  and  classed 
with  the  lake  product. 

''The  output  since  the  active  work  was  prosecuted  in  June,  until 
December  1st,  is  as  follows:  Six  cars  of  first-class  ore  (199,770  pounds), 
average  fire  assay  48.23  per  cent,  sold  in  New  York  for  $8,407.61 ;  one  car 
second-class  ore  (23,130  pounds),  average  fire  assay  35.85  per  cent,  sold  in 
New  York  for  1674.04;  173,710  pounds  bullion,  fire  assay  86.7  percent,  sold 
in  New  York  for  $12,951.81;  7,558  pounds  matte,  fire  assay  65.7  per  cent, 
sold  in  New  York  for  $402.19 ;  making  the  total  value  of  the  product  in 
round  numbers,  $22,435.65. 

"Situated  about  one  mile  north  of  the  Dixie  group,  and  in  the  same 
chain  of  mountains,  is  the  Mammoth  mine,  in  which  was  struck  a  large 
cave,  filled  with  high  grade  carbonate  lead  ore,  carrying  from  twelve  to 
twenty-five  ounces  of  silver.  The  Mammoth  is  controlled  by  Woolley ,  Lund 
&  Judd,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  prospects  in  Utah.  If  situated  on  the  rail- 
road, the  mine  would  furnish  freight  enough  to  keep  one  road  busy,  and 
from  all  indications  the  supply  of  mineral  is  inexhaustible.  The  walls  and 
floor  of  the  cave  are  covered  with  the  rich  ore  which  can  be  shoveled  up  in 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  73 

great  quantities.  It  is  only  a  question  of  time  when  the  Mammoth  will 
become  one  of  the  Territory's  biggest  producers. 

**The  St.  George  Mining  Company,  a  corporation  formed  in  Omaha, 
whose  stockholders  are  among  the  wealthiest  in  the  country,  owns  several 
fine  prospects  near  the  Dixie  and  Mammoth  claims,  but  up  to  date  has 
done  but  little  work.  The  avowed  intention  of  the  company  is  to  erect 
large  reducing  works  and  use  its  influence  toward  the  building  of  a  railroad 
into  the  district. 

"Silver  Reef,  the  great  Southern  camp,  one  of  the  greatest  agents  in 
the  building  up  of  Southern  Utah,  has  been  quiet  during  the  past  year,  and 
has  little  prospect  of  improving  until  silver  becomes  more  valuable.  All 
the  work  done  there  this  season  has  been  by  chloriders.  The  old  Barbee 
mill  made  two  short  runs  on  custom  ores.  The  Christy  also  made  two  runs 
on  ores  taken  from  the  Christy  Company's  mines.  The  mines  of  the  Reef 
are  among  the  richest  in  the  country,  and,  beyond  a  doubt,  the  camp  will 
in  the  near  future  resume  its  old-time  activity.  There  are  millions  yet 
lying  in  the  white  sandstone  reefs  which,  in  time  gone  by,  have  proven 
such  bonanzas  to  the  owners  of  good  prospects.  The  producing  mines  of 
Silver  Reef  are  the  Old  Buckeye,  Last  Chance,  Thompson  and  McNally, 
Barbee  and  Walker,  Tescum:3eh,  California,  Stormy  King  and  Neutral." 

Weber  County  :  La  Plata. — To  the  northeast  of  Ogden  about  twenty- 
two  miles  is  the  new^  mining  camp  of  La  Plata^  which  was  ushered  into 
existence  about  sixteen  months  ago. 

The  mineral  was  discovered  by  a  sheep-herder.  While  riding  over 
the  hills  in  that  vicinity,  the  horse  which  he  had  broke  a  chunk  of  ore  ofi 
of  a  solid  piece  of  galena  which  was  exposed  to  the  surface.  The  sheep- 
herder  little  realized  then  that  the  very  spot  where  he  was  standing  would 
furnish  a  field  for  the  prospector  and  the  miner.  He  put  the  ore  in  his 
pocket,  and  when  his  employer  was  next  seen  he  showed  it  to  him.  He 
took  the  piece,  and  the  herder  showed  him  where  he  had  picked  it  up. 
This  induced  the  sheep  man  to  begin  prospecting,  and  with  little  exertion 
great  bodies  of  ore  were  uncovered  near  the  surface.  The  news  soon 
spread  abroad,  and,  within  a  few  weeks,  the  surrounding  hills  were  alive 
with  prospectors  and  miners.  A  town  site  was  selected  in  what  is  known 
as  Bear  Gulch,  and  named  La  Plata,  from  which  the  camp  derived  its 
name.  It  now  has  a  population  of  over  125  people.  Each  day  brought 
the  tidings  of  new  discoveries,  and,  within  the  period  of  a  few  weeks> 
several  hundred  locations  were  made. 

The  La  Plata  mining  regions,  so  it  is  said  by  old  miners,  very  much 
resemble  Leadville,  Vjut  so  far  its  productiveness  is  something  of  a 
disappointment. 

The  hills  are  not  high  nor  steep.  A  dense  growth  of  timber  covers 
them,  and  great  springs  of  water  come  flowing  down  their  sides.  Above 
the  town  of  La  Plata,  a  large  spring  of  water  comes  bubbling  from  the 
ground,  sufficient  to  supply  a  city  of  10,000  souls. 

The  country  surrounding  Park  City  is  very  much  the  same  as  La  Plata, 
only  the  absence  of  timber. 


74  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

Other  Mines. — Many  other  old  and  new  discoveries  near  Ogden  are 
being  worked,  but  not  as  vigorously  as  their  owners  intend  to  be  the  case 
hereafter. 

San  Pete  County. — There  have  been  several  locations  made  of  gold, 
silver  and  lead-producing  mines  in  San  Pete  valley,  some  of  which  have 
been  worked  considerably.  The  one  showing  the  greatest  development, 
and  the  only  incorporated  property  is  the  Alexander,  which  modestly 
puts  its  capital  stock  at  $45,000,  divided  into  9,000  shares  of  $5.00  each. 
Over  $1,500  worth  of  work  has  been  done,  and  a  tunnel  is  now  being 
pushed  to  cut  the  ledge  at  a  depth  of  about  150  feet.  Ore  has  been 
obtained  running  as  high  as  913  ounces  in  silver.  The  officers  and 
directors  are:  F.  R.  Kenner,  president;  A.  H.  Cannon,  secretary  and 
treasurer;  S.  A.  Kenner,  attorney;  Frank  J.  Cannon,  Beauregard  Kenner 
and  F.  J.  Nelson.  Work  has  not  been  prosecuted  vigorously  of  late,  but 
is  expected  to  be  shortly. 

San  Pete  has  great  coal  measures,  and  has  been  a  producer  of  that  article 
in  considerable  quantity  for  years. 

Over  the  Lines  :  Pioche. — Pioche  is  reached  to  best  advantage  from 
the  terminus  of  the  Union  Pacific,  at  Milford,  and  so  Is  Osceola,  the  former 
south,  the  latter  west,  of  Milford,  in  Nevada.  At  Pioche,  work  on  the 
mines  during  the  past  year  was  more  in  the  line  of  development,  of 
opening  ore  bodies,  and  in  other  ways  preparing  for  steady  shipments, 
than  in  stoping  or  making  a  showing  in  the  way  of  output.  The  Pioche 
and  the  Yuba  companies  were  consolidated  as  the  Pioche  Consolidated. 
They  own  several  large  groups  of  mines,  comprising  most  all  the  old 
producers  of  note — the  Raymond  &  Ely,  Meadow  Valley,  Mazeppa, 
Newark,  American  Flag,  Hillside,  and  Day — together  with  a  number  of 
newly  discovered  mines— Half  Moon,  Mendha,  .and  Onondaga.  Ores, 
sulphides  and  bullion  shipped  by  the  company  since  it  began  operations 
amounted  to  over  $104,071.64.  It  is  found  upon  trial  that  the  ores  are  remark- 
ably well  adapted  to  smelting.  There  is  a  combination  of  silicious,  iron, 
lead  and  lime  gangue  ores  which  form  a  self-fluxing  smelting  mixture ; 
such  a  complete  variety  as  had  not  been  found  before  in  quantity  within 
the  same  radius  (ten  miles)  in  the  United  States.  Mr.  August  Werner 
has  charge  of  the  smelting,  and  he  has  succeeded  in  smelting  in  one  stack, 
with  the  high  prices  of  labor,  fuel,  etc.,  incident  to  being  110  miles  from 
a  railroad,  for  only  $8.16  per  ton,  running  an  average  of  over  50  tons  per 
day  through,  with  a  10  per  cent  lead  charge,  and  making  200  ounces  of 
bullion  and  the  cleanest  of  slag.  The  slag  is  something  new  in  metal- 
lurgy. To  make  sure  if  the  reported  daily  slag  samples  were  properly 
taken  and  that  such  uncommon  results  were  correct,  several  large  samples 
have  been  taken  from  all  parts  of  the  slag  dump,  **cut  down"  and  assayed 
by  different  assayers,  and  they  have  more  than  confirmed  the  results,  the 
three  general  samples  having  assayed  as  follows : 

Ozs.  Lead.  Ozs.  Silver. 

No.  1 1  Trace. 

No.  2 0.8  Trace. 

No.  3 None.  None. 


UTAH  TEHRITORY.  7o 

As  soon  as  the  railroad  reaches  Pioche,  the  Salt  Lake  smelting  inter- 
ests will  be  greatly  benefited  by  the  superior  fluxing  ores  of  that  region. 
The  lime  ores  especially  are  an  important  feature,  as  that  is  the  character 
of  flux  in  ores  now  lacking  in  Utah.  A  regular  supply  of  this  ore  would 
save  the  quarrying  and  smelting  of  barren  limestone  in  Salt  Lake,  and 
thereby  cheapen  smelting  and  help  keep  ores  there  for  treatment  that 
are  at  present  being  shipped  east.  This  lime  ore  exists  at  Pioche  in 
apparently  inexhaustible  quantities.  Prof.  Geo.  W.  Maynard,  who  has 
examined  the  Pioche  mines,  estimates  the  reserves  of  the  lime  fluxing  ore 
in  one  mine  (the  Day)  at  482,000  tons.  This  means  a  shipment  of  200  tons 
per  day  for  over  six  years,  in  sight.  The  ore  is  a  mineralized  limestone, 
being  about' two-thirds  carbonate  of  lime,  with  the  remaining  one-third 
made  up  mostly  of  oxides  of  iron  and  manganese.  It  contains  only  3  per 
cent  silica,  and  carries  about  3  per  cent  lead  and  twenty  ounces  silver  per 
ton. 

Prof.  Maynard  also  carefully  measured  the  shipping  ore  in  the  other 
mines  at  Pioche,  and  found  72,624  tons,  making  in  all  over  500,000  tons 
"insight,"  which  indicates  that,  although  Pioche  has  not  made  much 
noise,  the  district  has  been  earnestly  at  work  the  past  year,  and  it  now 
warns  the  mining  world  that  it  intends  to  beat  its  old  record  for  good  ore 
and  plenty  of  it. 

Osceola. — The  Osceola  Gravel  Company,  early  in  1890,  completed 
a  ditch  18^  miles  long,  with  a  capacity  of  2,500  liiiner's  inches,  or 
40,000,000  gallons  per  twenty-four  hours.  The  ditch  has  a  fall  of  16 
feet  per  mile.  The  old  ditch,  brought  from  the  opposite  side  of  Wheeler's 
Peak,  is  about  17  miles  long,  and  has  a  capacity  of  about  2,000  inches. 
The  two  ditches  delivering  water  in  the  same  gulch,  furnish  a  great  supply. 
Washing  began  in  March  and  continued  until  December  10th,  when 
the  cold  weather  caused  the  monitors  to  be  shut  down.  In  operation  two 
monitors  are  run  at  a  time,  there  being  two  nine-inch  and  one  seven-inch. 
Fifteen  men  are  employed  during  the  season  in  the  mine.  This  gravel 
bar  has  been  prospected  over  hundreds  of  acres,  and  estimated  to  average 
17  cents  gold  per  cubic  yard,  but  in  operating  it  has  run  as  high  as  27. 
About  200,000  cubic  yards  of  gravel  were  washed  out  during  the  season,  of 
which  only  a  part  of  the  gold  was  taken,  because,  this  being  the  first  season, 
much  gold  was  left  back  at  the  base  of  the  bj.nk3  on  bed-rock,  and  which 
will  be  caught  in  the  sluiceway  next  season.  In  starting  the  gravel  was 
thin,  but  gomg  upward  gained  in  depth  until  the  face  of  the  bank  is  now 
92  feet  high.  Water  is  sent  against  this  bank  under  a  pressure  of  the 
monitors  of  225  feet.  The  bed-rock  flume,  or  sluiceway,  is  four  feet  wide 
and  four  feet  deep,  and  runs  full  most  of  the  time.  This  is  about  300  feet 
long.  The  old  ditch  supplies  power  for  operating  a  2,000-candle-power 
electric  dynamo  to  furnish  light  "for  the  workmen  at  night,  and  then  this 
water  goes  back  into  the  ditch  to  help  wash  oat  the  gold.  The  company 
cleaned  up  a  handsome  sum,  but  declined  to  name  it  to  the  public. 


76  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

Metal  Output  for  1891: — 

1,836,060  lbs.  Copper  @  5>^  cents  per  lb $     100,983  30 

6,170,000  lbs.  Refined  Lead  @  4  cents  per  lb 246,800  00 

80,356,528  lbs.  Unrefined  Lead  @  $60  per  ton 2,410,695  00 

8,915,223  ozs.  Fine  Silver  @  9834  cents  per  oz 8,759,206  69 

36,160  ozs.  Fine  Gold  @  $20  per  oz 723,200  00 

$12,240,885  73 

Computing  the  gold  and  silver  at  their  mint  value  and  the  other  metals 
at  their  value  at  seaboard,  it  would  increase  the  value  of  the  product  to 
$16,198,066.81. 

Six  thousand  tons  of  Iron  were  shipped  from  Tintic  for  fluxing  purposes. 

Cost  of  Mining  and  Milling. — This  varies  greatly  With  circum- 
stances. At  the  Ontario  it  is  something  less  than  $30  per  ton ;  at  the  Daly 
it  is  given  at  $26 ;  at  the  Horn  Silver  in  1883-84  it  was  about  $26.  These 
figures  include  all  cost  for  the  year,  maintenance  of  plant,  dead  work,  in- 
cidental expenses,  but  not,  of  course,  original  cost  of  plant  and  opening  of 
the  mine.  At  Silver  Reef,  cost  of  mining  and  milling  is  $13  to  $15.  The 
mass  of  Utah  low-grade  ores  requires  concentration,  but  this  costs  only 
about  $1  per  ton.  For  every  ton  of  concentrates,  however,  3  tons  of  ores 
must  be  mined  and  carried  to  the  concentrator.  Bingham  and  Stockton 
and  Ophir  are  the  low-grade  districts;  Park  City,  also,  in  part.  Part  of 
the  low-grade  ores  have  to  be  roasted,  the  lunTps  in  out-of-door  heaps,  the 
fine  in  reverberatory  or  revolving  roasters.  The  ores  milled  at  the  Ontario 
and  Daly  have  to  be  roasted  and  chloridized,  while  the  dry  ores  of  Tintic 
must  pay  heavy  working  charges.  The  figures  given  are  the  cost  figures  of 
mines  varying  widely  as  to  location,  natural  conditions — as  dimensions  of 
vein  QT  ore  bodies,  water,  distance  from  market,  etc. — grade  and  nature  of 
ores,  appliances  and  processes  of  reduction.  But  doubtless  $30  per  ton 
amply  covers  cost  of  extraction  and  reduction  of  all  Utah  ores. 

Sampling  and  Smelting. — There  are  thirteen  sampling  mills  in 
Utah — one  at  the  Horn  Silver  mine,  one  at  Milford,  one  at  Tintic,  five  at 
Sandy  and  vicinity,  three  at  Park  City,  and  one  in  Salt  Lake.  Together 
they  sampled  in  1890,  about  150,000  tons  of  ore.  Ordinarily,  only  the  fifth 
«or  tenth  sack  of  a  lot  of  ore  is  sampled,  and  the  cost  is  $1  per  ton  for  the 
whole  of  it.  Where  the  whole  is  sampled,  the  charge  is  $4  per  ton.  The 
sampler  crushes  the  ore  to  the  size  of  peas,  thoroughly  mixes,  and  sends 
sealed  packages  to  the  assay er,  upon  whose  certificates  it  is  bought  and  sold. 

In  the  Jordan  Valley,  six  to  twelve  miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  City,  on 
the  railroads,  are  the  Utah  smelters,  four  or  five  different  concerns,  com- 
prising about  a  dozen  stacks.  Those  in  blast  at  present  are,  the  Germania, 
three  stacks,  three  revolving  roasters,  and  one  large  reverberatory ;  the 
Hanauer,  4  stacks  and  5  roasters ;  the  Mingo,  4  stacks  and  5  reverberato- 
ries ;  the  three  plants  valued  at  $500,000.  Together  they  keep  7  or  8  stacks 
pretty  steadily  in  blast,  and  employ  about  350  men  at  an  average  wage  of 
$65  per  month. 

About  one-fourth  of  the  Utah  ores  were  shipped  out  of  the  Territory  for 
reduction.    There  is  a  good  opening  at  Salt  Lake  for  a  great  smelting  works. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  77 

Stock  Exchange. — A  Stock  Exchange  was  organized  in  Salt  Lake 
City  in  1889,  and  held  its  first  session  June  6th.  Thence  to  the  end  of 
December,  sales  were  2,375,275  shares,  total  consideration  for,  or  value  of 
which,  was  $647,837.56.  Sales  of  silver  certificates  in  same  time  were 
896,000  ounces ;  consideration,  $940,800.  This  is  not  a  very  great  business, 
but  it  was  believed  to  be  of  advantage  in  advertising  the  mines,  securing 
money  for  their  development,  and  a  great  convenience  in  fixing  the  value 
and  providing  a  handy  market  for  mining  shares,  locally  considered.  It  is 
silent  at  present,  waiting,  perhaps,  for  a  renewed  activity  in  silver  minings 

MINING  IN  GENERAL. 

Coal. — Utah  contains  a  great  variety  of  minerals  besides  those  in- 
volved in  silver-mining,  to-wit:  Silver,  gold,  lead  and  copper.  Coal  occurs 
on  both  fronts  of  the  Wasatch,  and  of  the  High  Plateaus,  almost  the  entire 
length  of  the  Territory.  The  coal  measures  underlie  an  area  of  many 
thousand  square  miles ;  probably  2,000  that  are  available.  At  all  events, 
there  is  enough  to  meet  any  possible  demand  for  generations.  AVe  should 
be  mining  four  times  as  much  as  we  are,  but  the  Union  Pacific  largely 
supplies  L'tah  from  Wyoming. 

The  L^nion  Pacific  owns  coal  mines  in  Pleasant  Valley  (Scofield),  from 
which  the  past  year  they  mined  of  commercial  coal,  88,000  tons,  and 
probably  as  much  more  for  their  own  use,  making  in  all  about  200,000  tons. 

The  Home  Coal  Company  raised  and  sold  in  1891,  from  their  own  mines 
on  the  Weber,  near  Coalville,  65,138  tons,  and  the  Chalk  Creek  Company, 
from  mines  also  near  Coalville,  which  raised  and  sold  1,200  tons  in  1890, 
largely  increased  its  business ;  Salt  Lake  City  consumed  88,400  tons  during 
the  eleven  months  of  the  present  year  (1892)  it  has  already  consumed 
greatly  in  excess  of  that  sum. 

Sundry  MiNERALS.—There  are  deposits  of  brimstone  near  the  mouth 
of  Cove  Creek,  about  30  miles  east  of  Black  Rock  Station,  on  the  Union 
Pacific  Railway.  This  deposit  is  supposed  to  be  practically  inexhausti- 
ble. There  is  a  deposit  at  Hilliard,  another  about  12  miles  from  Frisco, 
and  still  others. 

Ninety  miles  from  .Juab  Station,  on  the  Union  Pacitic  Railway,  up  the 
Sevier  river,  at  a  place  called  Antimony,  deposits  of  antimony  ores  were 
worked.  Such  as  could  be  reduced  without  concentrating  were  exhausted; 
in  the  construction  of  concentrating  works,  costly  mistakes  were  made; 
the  company's  money  gave  out,  and  work  ceased.  The  antimony  turned 
out  was  of  extraordinary  purity,  and,  with  rail  way  facilities,  operations  may 
be  resumed.  There  are  said  to  be  available  deposits  of  antimony  ores  in 
other  parts  of  the  Territory,  especially  in  Boxelder  Canon. 

Quicksilver  ores  are  found  at  Marysvale,  and  also  at  Lewiston.  Bis- 
muth occurs  in  Beaver  County,  east  of  Milford,  and  also  in  spots  in  some 
of  the  mines  of  Tintic.  Copper  ores  are  found  at  Bingham,  at  Tlntlc,  in 
North  Star,  near  Frisco,  on  the  Cottonwoods,  in  Lucm  District,  Boxelder 
County,  at  Deep  Creek,  all  over  the  Territory,  in  fact. 

Iron  ores  are  found  about  Ogden,  in  Morgan,  Boxelder,  Cache,  Salt  Lake, 


78 


UTAH  TERRITORY. 


San  Pete,  Tooele,  Juab  and  Iron  Counties.  The  iron  mines  above  Willard 
furnished  ores  for  fluxing  purposes  in  early  times.  For  many  years  6,000 
to  12,000  tons  have  been  yearly  drawn  from  Tintic  by  the  smelters  for 
fluxing  silicious  ores.  The  deposits  in  Iron  County,  about  300  miles  south 
of  Salt  Lake  City,  are  amongst  the  noted  deposits  of  the  world ;  at  least 
they  are  so  considered  by  authorities  on  the  subject. 

They  are  scattered  about  in  a  belt  two  miles  wide  by  sixteen  miles 
long,  in  number  about  50,  and  with  very  little  work  done  on  them  show 
about 3,000  tons  of  ore  insight.  Twenty-three  samples  taken  by  an  iron 
expert,  known  to  the  writer,  showed  upon  analysis  an  average  of  65.98  per 
cent  metallic  iron,  .042  per  cent  phosphorus,  no  trace  of  titanic  acid, 
practically  no  copper,  and  a  residue,  mostly  silica,  of  3.6  per  cent.  In 
some  of  the  samples  there  was  a  little  carbonate  of  lime  and  also  man- 
ganese. Following  are  the  best  samples  so  far  as  absence  of  phosphorus 
is  concerned:  — 


ORE  IN  SIGHT. 

Met.  Iron. 

Phosphorus. 

Residue. 

100x35  feet 

85.714  tons 

20,857  tons 

8,571  tons  

41,428  tons  

1,535,569  tons  

31,546  tons 

67.2 
63.8 
68.8 
69.1 
62.3 
68.9 
69.5 
69.0 
67.2 

.100 
.016 
.041 
.044 
.005 
.055 
.034 
.011 
.049 

2.2 
4.5 
1.9 
1.1 
6.8 
3.8 
2.2 

71,471  tons     

2.5 

34,S86  tons 

4.3 

These  figures  need  no  comment,  and  are  under  rather  than  over  the  score. 

Deposits  of  rock  salt,  some  of  them  quite  pure,  are  found  near  Nephi, 
on  Salt  Creek,  and  also  nearSalina,  and  in  other  localities.  It  is  useful  in 
its  crude  state  for  feeding  stock,  for  chloridising  silver  ores,  and  it  may  be 
refined  and  put  to  all  kinds  of  use.  Great  Salt  Lake  is  an  inexhaustible 
storehouse  of  common  salt,  and,  the  chemists  say,  of  a  variety  of  sul- 
phates, borates  and  bromides,  from  which  may  be  manufactured  salt  cake, 
epsom  and  glauber  salts,  soda  ash,  bi-carbinate  of  soda,  caustic  soda  and 
sal-soda. 

Hydro-Carbons. — Curious  and  valuable  hydro-carbons  are  found  in 
the  Uintah-White  Basin,  and  about  the  Pleasant  Valley  Divide.  A  company 
with  headquarters  at  P.  V.  Junction  is  mining  for  ozokerite  (paraffine). 
So  far  the  mineral  has  not  been  found  in  large  quantity.  It  occurs  in 
seams,  bunches  and  stringers,  where  the  material  has  been  caught  when 
in  a  volatile  state  and  held  till  it  condensed  into  a  solid. 

Gilsonite  or  Uintahite  occurs  in  the  bad  lands  of  the  lower  Duchesne 
and  the  lower  White,  in  veins  or  lodes  striking  straight  through  the 
sandstone  formation,  standing  vertically,  thirty  inches  to  twenty  feet, 
thick,  clean,  black,  and,  when  first  broken,  lustrous  as  jet.  It  is  99)^  per 
cent  asphalt,  with  the  oils  dried  out.    Most  of  the  known  veins  are  on  the 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  79 

Indian  Reservations,  but  one  of  tliem  has  been  set  off  by  Act  of  Congress, 
and  is  owned  and  wrought  by  a  St.  Louis  company.  It  is  used,  as  yet, 
mainly  for  varnishes,  but  it  is  expected  that  more  extended  use  will  be 
found  for  it. 

On  the  Green  River  and  eastward,  asphalt,  and  oil  with  an  asphalt 
base,  exude  in  places  and  form  deposits  said  to  be  not  unlike  the  asphalt 
lake  at  Trinidad.  Prof.  Xewberry  is  of  the  opinion  that  this  is  a  petro- 
leum region.  Petroleum,  he  maintains,  is  derived  from  the  spontaneous 
distillation  of  hydro-carbons,  and  as  the  Colorado  group  east  of  the 
Wasatch  consists  of  bitumious  shales  1,500  to  2,500  feet  thick,  gas  and  oil 
springs  are  to  be  expected.  The  gilsonite  and  the  ozokerite  Prof.  New- 
berry refers  to  this  distillation.  It  is  probable,  he  says,  that  these  residual 
products  of  the  liquid  hydro-carbons  evolved  from  the  shales,  as  well  as 
petroleum,  will  become  important  items  of  export  from  this  region. 

A  kindred  substance  to  these,  which  Prof.  Blake,  of  New  Haven, 
names  ''Wurtzilite,"  has  been  found  about  the  divide  between  the  Straw- 
berry and  the  Price,  close  up  to  the  Wasatch  Range.  Before  it  could  be 
located,  and  its  extent  ascertained,  it  was  discovered  that  it  was  mainly  on 
the  Indian  Reservation,  and  prospectors  were  warned  away.  It  is  of  no 
use  to  the  Indians,  neither  is  the  extremely  high  and  broken  coimtry 
where  it  is  found.  The  latter  should  be  restored  to  the  public  domain,  so 
that  the  arts  may  have  the  benefit  of  this  material  if  it  can  be  used.  Its 
mode  of  occurrence  is  somewhat  like  that  of  ozokerite,  but  it  is  more 
plentiful. 

Building  Stone. — Structural,  fertilizing,  and  abrasive  materials  of 
every  variety,  and  adopted  to  all  uses,  are  found  all  over  Utah,  and  gener- 
ally convenient  to  the  valleys  where  the  people  live.  A  number  of  stone 
quarries  have  been  opened  the  past  year.  The  Diamond,  Kyune  & 
Castle  Stone  Company  worked  quarries  of  brown  sandstone  at 
Diamond,  and  of  gray  sandstone  at  Kyune,  and  at  Castle  Gate,  all 
on  the  line  of  the  Rio  Grande  Western  Railway.  Their  shipments 
the  past  year  were  enormous.  Cars  go  to  Seattle  (Wash.),  Logan, 
Milford,  Nephi,  Ogden,  Salt  Lake  City  and  numerous  other  points. 
Cubes  of  these  stones,  tested  at  the  Illinois  State  University,  cracked — the 
gray  Kynne  stone  under  a  ten  minutes  pressure  of  16,000  per  square  inch, 
and  broke  under  the  same  of  20,800  pounds;  the  brown  Diamond  stone 
cracked  under  a  pressure  of  30,000  pounds,  and  broke  under  a  pressure  of 
34,550  pounds.  Twelve  cubic  feet  of  these  two  kinds  of  stone  weigh  one 
ton.  Excellent  foundation  and  dimension  stone  is  brought  into  Salt  Lake 
City  from  the  adjoining  caftons  and  from  Parley's  Park.  All  the  larger 
towns  of  the  Territory  find  the  best  of  building  stone,  and,  it  may  be  added, 
the  best  of  clay,  except  Kaolin,  at  their  doors,  so  to  speak.  Lithographic 
stone  of  good  quality;  marbles;  gypsum;  slate;  the  materials  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  glass,  and  of  Portland  cement;  rock  rich  in  asphalt;  limestone 
for  building  and  for  fluxing  ores — these  materials  are  found  in  many  places 
in  the  Territory.  A  gypsum  mill  near  Nephi  is  sending  plaster  to  various 
points  on  the  Pacific  Coast.      Salt  is  made  and  gathered  on  the  shelving 


80  UTAH  TERRITOEY. 

shores  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  supplies  the  chloridizing  silver  mills  of 
Utah,  Montana,  Idaho,  and  part  of  Nevada. 

NATURAL  GAS. 

One  of  the  greatest  recent  features  added  to  the  commercial  prosperity 
and  general  attractiveness  is  the  discovery  and  development  of  natural 
gas  in  immense  quantity  at  a  point  practically  within  the  borders  of  Salt 
Lake  City.  It  has  been  known  for  several  years  that  the  city  and  its  sur- 
roundings were  underlaid  with  veins  or  deposits  of  that  needful  article,  and 
in  many  cases  it  had  been  developed  and  applied,  but  only  in  a  small  way, 
and  with  primitive  apparatus ;  this,  however,  sufficed  to  keep  the  interest 
alive  and  on  the  increase,  and  finally,  on  February  24, 1891,  the  Natural 
Gas  Company  was  incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  $5,000,000 — five  hundred 
thousand  shares  at  $10  per  share.  Mr.  James  F.  Woodman,  the  well- 
known  mining  man,  is  president  of  the  company,  and  the  other  officers, 
several  of  whom  are  eastern  men— though  the  controlling  interest  lies  in 
Salt  Lake— are  as  follows:  President,  James  F,  "Woodman;  first  vice-pres- 
ident, W.  A.  Nelden;  second  vice-president,  Schuyler  C.  Constant;  treas- 
urer, H.  L.  Driver;  secretary,  I.  T.  Stringer;  Joseph  J.  Rogers,  Wendell 
Benson,  P.  L.  Schmidt.  Several  other  companies  have  since  been  organized. 

Their  leases  being  secured,  the  company  went  to  work  sinking  where 
there  had  already  been  best  indications  of  gas  near  Farmington,  a  few 
miles  northwest.  As  labor  progressed,  it  became  evident  that  the  whole 
surface  of  the  earth  thereabouts  was  impregnated  with  natural  gas.  About 
the  beginning  of  December,  1891,  the  main  well,  known  as  **  No.  1  Gusher," 
burst  forth  with  a  volume  of  gas  and  smoke  that  sent  boulders,  shale  and 
dirt  fully  three  hundred  feet  into  the  air.  Ever  since  then  the  up-pouring 
of  gas  has  continued,  and  the  problem  has  been  to  get  it  under  control ; 
this  has  now  been  accomplished,  and  recently  many  hundreds  of  people 
have  visited  the  wells,  and  many  experts  inspected  it.  On  December  17th, 
the  mayor  and  city  council,  with  several  hundred  citizens,  paid  the  wells 
a  visit,  and  on  all  hands  expressions  of  wonderment  and  confidence  in  the 
permanency  of  the  flow  were  heard. 

The  company  now  have  pipe  line  franchises  with  Ogden,  Salt  Lake, 
Provo,  Centerville,  Farmington,  Kaysville,  Bountiful,  Sandy,  and  many 
other  small  towns.  The  company  have  reserved  the  right  to  purchase  res- 
ervoir lands  on  every  farm  leased.  The  rights  of  way  are  over  a  level 
and  a  valuable  fruit,  farming  and  manufacturing  territory.  Millions  of 
tons  of  raw  material  lie  contiguous  to  the  wells  and  pipe  lines. 

Three  railroads  pass  through  this  company's  property.  Union  Pacific, 
Rio  Grande  Western,  and  the  Hot  Springs  line,  two  of  which  are  trans- 
continental lines,  while  their  branches  reach  every  mining  camp  of  prom- 
inence in  Utah,  and  are  connected  by  one  grand  system  in  Idaho, 
Colorado,  Wyoming,  Montana,  Oregon,  Washington,  Nevada  and  Cali- 
fornia, while  work  is  being  done  to  connect  New  Mexico,  old  Mexico  and 
Arizona,  all  direct  with  Salt  Lake  City,  Ogden  and  the  oil  and  gas  fields 
owned  and  controlled  by  the  American  Natural  Gas  Company. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  81 

The  company  have  two  more  well-boring  outfits  on  the  way  from  the 
east,  and  they  will  now  rush  the  sinking  of  wells.  These  wells  will  be 
sunk  in  a  line  towards  this  city,  at  a  distance  of  a  half  mile  apart.  With 
such  a  vast  field  of  gas  and  an  outfit  so  well  equipped  for  sinking  wells, 
they  propose  to  sink  a  dozen  or  more  wells  as  soon  as  possible  and  get 
them  capped,  while  they  will  put  in  a  pipe  line  to  Salt  Lake  City  at  an 
early  date.  The  plan  is  to  have  enough  wells  to  let  part  of  them  remain 
resting  while  the  others  are  in  service. 

The  gusher  is  down  600  feet,  and  flows  from  a  6-inch  pipe.  A 
test  has  been  made  of  its  pressure,  and  350  to  400  rock  pressure  recorded. 
Some  idea  of  its  force  and  strength,  however,  can  be  obtained  from  the 
account  of  the  big  fire  which  took  place  there  on  Dec.  12,  1891.  The  follow- 
ing is  taken  from  an  account  published  next  day  in  the  Salt  Lake  Herald: 

"The  great  six-inch  gas  well  reached  down  to  a  depth  of  550  feet  yester- 
day morning,  penetrating  to  what  is  understood  as  the  Trenton  sandstone 
formation,  where  gas  in  large  quantities  has  been  found  in  other  parts  of 
the  country.  According  to  statements  of  responsible  parties  who  were  at 
Lake  Shore  yesterday,  the  pressure  increased  to  150  pounds  to  the  square 
inch,  and  when  the  big  valve  was  opened,  the  gas  rushed  out  with  a  roar 
that  was  heard  for  over  a  mile  distant,  and  people  came  hurrying  from  all 
around  to  ascertain  the  occasion  of  the  uproar.  Unfortunately  in  the 
course  of  the  work  the  big  well  got  to  leaking,  and  immense  quantities  of 
gas  siped  up  through  the  soil  for  a  distance  around.  Through  some 
cause,  very  likely  a  lighted  cigarette,  or  live  coal  from  the  furnace,  the 
escaping  gas  caught  fire,  and — whiff !  the  whole  country  seemed  to  be  in  a 
blaze.  Manager  Smith,  of  Kansas  City,  and  one  of  his  assistants  were 
caught  within  the  circle  of  fire  and  they  had  to  do  some  tall  leaping  and 
running  to  escape,  and  escape  they  barely  did  with  their  lives.  As  it  was, 
they  lost  their  eyebrows  and  part  of  their  hair,  besides  being  badly 
scorched  on  the  face  and  hands.  The  gas  came  out  of  the  ground  with 
considerable  force  and  the  flames  shot  up  to  a  great  height.  They 
presently  caught  the  plant  buildings  in  which  were  the  engine,  boiler  and 
other  machinery  used  on  the  place,  and  in  a  jiffy  $500  worth  of  property 
was  in  ruins.  The  flames  appeared  to  increase  rather  than  diminish,  and 
the  manager  and  his  men  set  resolutely  to  work  heaping  dirt  on  the  fiery 
furnace.  But  that*had  no  perceptible  effect.  So  men  were  called  in  from 
around  the  neighborhood  to  help.  Even  that  was  insuflicient,  and  mes- 
sengers were  sent  further  out  into  the  country  for  assistance.  In  a  few 
hours  there  was  a  big  force  of  men  on  hand  throwing  dirt  on  the  belching 
flames.  Messrs.  Larned,  Irvine,  Newell,  Benson,  Pettengill  and  other 
citizens  who  had  gone  up  from  this  city  on  the  3 :30  p.  m.  train  could  see 
the  flames  shooting  heavenward  when  the  cars  were  two  miles  from  the 
spot,  and  the  heat  was  something  fearful  when  they  got  into  the  grounds. 
When  they  returned  to  this  city  early  in  the  evening  the  fire  had  not  been 
gotten  under  control.  It  was  not  expected  that  the  flames  would  be 
extinguished  before  this  evening,  and  it  may  be  necessary  to  use  carbonic 
acid  producing  chemicals  in  order  to  extinguish  the  conflagration.  The 
fierj'  spectacle  made  a  great  sight  for  the  passengers  on  the  passing  trains.'* 


82  UTAH  TERRITOKY. 

There  is  a  third  well  on  which  sinking  is  now  being  done,  with  good 
indications. 

What  the  future  of  natural  gas  is,  in  Salt  Lake,  it  is  impossible  to  say 
at  this  writing,  but  from  what  has  been  said  it  is  not  too  much  to  expect 
that  this  interest  adds  one  more  to  the  many  vast  resources  that  are 
destined  to  make  of  Salt  Lake  the  great  overshadowing  city  of  the  inland 
Western  America. 

MANUFACTURES. 


In  the  Territory. — From  the  report  of  the  Territorial  Statistician, 
published  in  October,  1891,  a  very  comprehensive  idea  is  had  in  regard  to 
manufactures  in  the  Territory.  He  states  that  there  are  3,974  operatives 
employed  in  the  different  concerns  in  Utah,  and  that  the  annual  product 
turned  out  amounts  to  the  value  of  $5,836,103.  In  the  Territory,  up  to  the 
closing  of  his  report,  the  Statistician  estimates  that  there  are  in  operation 
at  the  present  time  54  flouring  mills,  42  saw  mills,  11  planing  mills,  10 
foundries,  6  woolen  mills.  There  are  also  carding  mills,  lath  and  shingle 
mills,  ore  samplers,  concentrating  and  chloridizing  mills,  roasting  and 
smelting  furnaces,  paper  mills,  clothing,  boot  and  shoe,  hat,  glove,  hosier\% 
silk,  broom,  brush,  sash,  door,  blind,  cracker  and  vinegar  factories;  iron, 
glass,  soap,  furniture,  chemicals,  and  cooperage  works ;  potteries,  tanneries, 
boiler  works,  and  many  other  kinds  of  business  classified  as  manufacturing 
in  the  report. 

In  the  City  of  Salt  Lake. — There  are  in  successful  operation  boot 
and  shoe,  knitting  and  overall  factories,  woolen  and  paper  mills,  tanneries, 
confectioneries,  fence  and  mattress  factories,  cracker  factories,  show-case 
makers,  brick  makers,  aerated  water  works,  roller  grist  mills,  cigar 
factories,  vinegar  factories,  soap  making,  salt  refining,  chemical  works, 
glass  works,  w^ood  working,  printing,  book  binding,  brewing,  etc.,  which 
give  employment  to  about  500  operatives,  and  the  amount  of  money 
invested  in  these  concerns  is  13,107,000,  and  the  wages  paid  amounts  to 
about  $200,541.  The  merchantable  products  amount *to  over  $4,500,000. 
This  is  a  very  excellent  showing,  and  the  possibilities  of  the  Territory 
have  hardly  been  touched. 

The  Salt  Lake  Chamber  of  Commerce  made  a  report  on  manufactures 
some  four  years  ago,  in  which  occurs  the  following: 

"  We  find  that  all  ventures  in  this  city  for  the  utilization  of  our  sur- 
plus capital  and  natural  resources  have  been  successful  and  paid  gratify- 
ing dividends,  save  where  gross  carelessness  or  incompetent  management 
were  displayed  or  where  want  of  necessary  capital  was  manifest. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  83 

•  In  many  of  these  industries  we  find  what  would  otherwise  be  thriv- 
ing, labor-making,  and  money-saving  concerns  languishing  for  want  of  a 
little  capital  with  which  to  improve  their  plants,  advertise  their  wares, 
and  place  their  products  on  a  ready  market.  In  other  directions,  notably 
in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  window  glass,  leather,  paper,  putty,  cement, 
candles,  brushes,  paints,  white  lead,  sheet  lead  and  lead  pipes,  agricultural 
implements,  spirits,  medicinal  preparations,  earthen  sewer  pipes,  canned 
goods,  pickles  and  sauces,  pails,  tubs,  kegs,  barrels  and  step-ladders, 
wagons  and  carriages,  stoves,  baskets,  demijohns,  clothing,  hats,  etc.,  and 
in  the  successful  operation  of  lithographing  establishments,  cigar  fac- 
tories, publishing  houses,  binderies,  rolling  mills,  reduction  works,  manu- 
facturing tin  shops,  wire  working,  and  stone  and  marble  sawing  and 
carving,  we  find  that  capital  can  be  so  successfully  employed  in  this  city 
that  it  is  a  marvel  to  us  that  the  opportunity  has  not  been  taken  ad- 
vantage of." 

Advantages  of  Manufacturing. — While  it  is  true  that  the  Territory 
has  made  a  very  good  start  in  manufacturing,  yet  it  still  needs  more  manu- 
facturing worse  than  any  and  all  things  else,  if  it  would  drain  other  towns 
and  states  of  their  money  instead  of  being  drained  of  its  money  by  them. 
Agriculture  and  mining  will  not  make  a  community  rich.  It  is  the  work- 
ing up  of  these  raw  products  into  fine  materials,  putting  brains  into  them, 
that  enriches  a  community.  Manufacturing  and  commerce — transforming 
crude  substances  into  articles  of  value  and  beauty,  distributing  and  selling 
them — these  are  the  indispensable  requisites  of  wealth  and  prosperity. 
Transportation  has  passed  into  the  hands  of  a  class,  and  it  is  furnished  as 
fast  as  it  is  needed,  if  not  faster.  Agriculture  will  take  care  of  itself. 
Anybody  can  live  by  cultivating  the  land,  and  tliat  is  about  all  that  any- 
body can  do.  Mining  has  its  peculiar  fascination.  All  the  mines  that  will 
pay,  and  a  great  many  that  won't  pay,  are  sure  to  be  found  and  wrought 
without  any  urging.  But  manufacturing  needs  fostering,  and  within 
bounds  it  is  proper  that  the  manufacturer  should  be  the  favored  man — so 
far  as  it  is  possible,  favored  of  the  community,  favored  by  the  Govern- 
ment. It  is  poor  policy  that  sends  a  hide  from  Utah  to  Boston  to  be  made 
into  shoes  and  then  returned,  robbing  Utah  people  of  the  work,  and  paying 
some  one  in  Boston  $5  to  make  the  shoes,  and  some  railroad  owned  in 
Boston  for  carrying  the  hide  to  Boston  and  carrying  the  shoes  back.  The 
money  so  paid  away  never  returns. 

Facilities:  Raw  Materials. — It  is  true  that  all  aricles  which  might 
be  grown  or  made  in  Utah,  and  which  are  now  purchased  elsewhere  and 
brought  to  Utah,  have  a  protective  (transportation)  tariff  of  $10.00  a  ton 
and  upwards,  in  favor  of  their  production  in  Utah.  This  tariff  is  against 
Utah  in  sending  abroad  what  the  Territory  has  to  sell,  which  is  an  addi- 
tional reason  why  advantage  should  be  taken  of  it  when  it  is  in  the  Terri- 
tory's favor. 

What,  then,  has  the  Territory  in  the  way  of  raw  materials,  and  what 
about  the  other  conditions  of  the  problem?  There  is  no  Territory  or  State 
of  the  Union  which  possesses,  or  can  produce,  the  raw  materials  of  many 


84  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

important  manufactures  in  greater  abundance  than  Utah.  For  example, 
Utah  has  competition  in  local  transportation ;  a  climate  that  hardly  inter- 
feres .with  out-of-door  operations  the  year  round ;  cheap  fuel,  coal  and  coke : 
good  and  cheap  food  produced  at  home ;  an  ample  supply  of  labor ;  much 
of  it  skilled  labor,  at  fair  wages.  These  are  the  prime  conditions  of  the 
problem.  Some  of  them  are  not  altogether  satisfactory,  but  they  will 
tend  to  become  so;  that  is  to  say,  there  will  be  more  and  cheaper  trans- 
portation, a  great  deal  more ;  there  will  be  cheaper  fuel ;  the  tendency  is 
that  way. 

Ikon  Making. — Xow  as  to  iron  and  steel,  and  all  their  secondary 
products,  there  are  large  deposits  of  rich  and  pure  iron  ores  distributed 
down  along  the  range  from  Cache  County  to  Iron  County.  There  is 
pure  limestone  in  every  hillside.  What  else  is  required  save  capital,  skill, 
and  a  market?  Utah  can  as  well  make  iron  and  steel,  and  all  the  articles 
into  which  they  are  transformed,  and  send  them  to  Chicago  to  market,  if 
need  be,  as  Chicago  can  make  them  and  send  them  to  Utah  to  market. 

Alabama  iron  making  (about  $8.50  a  ton)  is  the  cheapest  ever  known. 
But  Alabama  pig  iron  could  not  be  carried  to  Utah  without  enhancing  its 
cost  by  $20.00;  and  this  with  the  original  cost  would  make  the  value  of 
Alabama  pig  iron  in  Utah  about  $30.00  a  ton.  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  are 
somewhat  nearer  to  Utah  than  Birmingham,  Ala.,  but  it  costs  $14.00  to 
make  iron  in  Chicago  or  Missouri.  It  can  be  made  in  Utah,  without  a 
doubt,  at  $20.00,  and  this  gives  it  an  advantage  over  eastern  irons  of  $8.00 
or  $10.00  per  ton.  What  with  railroad  construction  and  operation, -track 
repair,  nine  per  cent  of  the  rails  must  be  replaced  yearly.  Mining,  mill- 
ing, fencing,  building-,  and  all  the  common  uses  of  iron,  there  is  a  sufficient 
home  market  to  justify  an  iron  plant  of  moderate  capacity  in  SalfLake 
Valley.  This  market  could  be  extended  as  the  conditions  grew  more 
favorable,  which  they  assuredly  will  do. 

Some  Valuable  Deposits. — The  following  extract  from  the  annual 
report  of  Gov.  Thomas  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  sheds  new  light 
upon  some  of  Utah's  mineral  resources : 

Slate. — Deposits  of  slate  are  found  in  different  parts  of  Utah.  There 
is  a  very  large  deposit  on  Fremont  Island  in  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  But 
the  most  useful  and  valuable  discovery  has  been  in  the  canon  immediatel)'^ 
east  of  Provo  City,  Utah.  The  deposit  of  purple  slate,  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able colors  known  to  commerce,  is  practically  inexhaustible.  Samples  of 
the  slate  have  been  sent  abroad  for  examination  and  have  been  pronounced 
equal  to  the  slate  taken  from  the  famous  quarries  of  Wales.  It  has  the 
fine  grain,  and  the  strength  and  durability  possessed  by  the  best  roofing 
slate.  The  manufacture  of  shingles  has  commenced  and  the  slate  will 
now  be  placed  upon  the  market  for  the  various  commercial  uses. 

The  character  of  the  deposit  is  indicated  by  the  size  of  the  slabs  now 
being  cut.    One  recently  taken  out  measured  10x10  feet. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  85 

Tkipolite  and  Fluorite. — There  has  been  discovered  in  the  vicinity 
of  Stockton,  Tooele  County,  Utah,  a  deposit  of  mineral  substance  known 
as  tripolite,  and  also  a  considerable  quantity  of  the  mineral  fluorite  or 
fluor-spar  at  Park  City,  Summit  County,  Utah. 


Tripolite  has  been  used  as  a  polishing  powder,  and  for  this  purpose 
goes  by  the  name  of  electro-silicon.  It  has  also  been  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cement,  in  the  preparation  of  soda  silicate,  and  as  a  noncon- 
ductor of  heat.  But  another  use  has  been  found  for  it  by  an  enterprising 
citizen  of  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.  He  has  turned  the  discovery  to  account 
by  using  it  in  the  manufacture  of  a  useful  silicon  soap,  which  seems  to  be 
growing  in  public  favor. 


The  fluorite  or  fluor-spar  has  been  found  in  the  Mayflower  and  Anchor 
mines  near  Park  City.  It  consists  of  fluorine  and  calcium  (commonly 
fluoride  of  lime)  and  is  white,  greenish  or  purple  in  color.  That  from  the 
Mayflower  has  all  these  colors.  There  is  a  sufficient  quantity  to  encourage 
the  manufacture  of  hydro-fluoric  acid,  used  for  etching  glass.  It  might 
also  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ornaments,  and,  as  is  sometimes  done, 
lenses.  But  one  of  its  most  useful  applications  is  the  smelting  of  ores, 
fluorite  being  an  admirable  flux. 


Iron  Ore. — In  Utah  Territory  iron  ore  can  be  found  in  all  its  forms. 
In  nearly  every  county  can  be  found  deposits,  occuring  in  veins,  fissures 
and  blanket,  and  in  pockets.  It  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  value  of 
these  deposits.  Some  of  the  ore  assays  as  high  as  60  per  cent  pure.  In 
Iron  County,  Utah,  are  vast  beds  many  miles  in  extent  of  a  superior  quality 
of  hematite  and  magnetic  ores.  It  is  probably  the  most  remarkable  de- 
posit of  iron  ore  discovered  in  the  Western  AVorld.  These  deposits  are 
about  190  miles  directly  south  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and  about  fifty  miles  from 
the  nearest  railway.  Most  of  the  ore  is  very  pure.  There  are  also  large 
deposits  of  iron  ore  in  Juab  County.  The  mines  of  Tintic  have  long  sup- 
j)lied  vast  quantities  of  ore  to  the  smelters  for  use  in  the  reduction  of  ores. 
The  vast  iron,  coal  and  lime  deposits  of  Utah  will  some  day  be  utilized. 
When  that  time  comes  the  Territory  can  easily  supply  all  the  iron  needed 
))y  the  West  for  many  centuries. 

Sulphur. — Sulphur  beds  have  been  discovered  in  different  parts  of  the 
Territory.  The  largest  known  as  the  Cove  Creek  sulphur  mines,  and 
situated  about  twenty-eight  miles  east  of  Black  Rock  station  on  the  Utah 
Southern  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railway,  on  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween Millard  and  Beaver  Counties.  The  formation  in  which  the  sulphur 
occurs  is  trachyte  and  near  the  top  granite.  The  sulphur  appears  in  and 
with  decomposed  trachyte  and  volcanic  tufa.    The  sulphur  layer  is  from 


86  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

four  to  twenty  feet  thick.  Fortunately  the  sulphur  deposit  is  near  tlie  sur- 
face: if  it  were  underground  the  sulphurous  gases  would  prevent  it  being 
worked.  Sulphur  has  been  shipped  from  these  mines  for  years  and  hajB 
been  used  for  selected  uses. 

Copper — It  has  long  been  known  that  large  deposits  of  superior 
copper  ore  existed  in  different  parts  of  Utah.  There  is  scarcely  a  county 
which  does  not  contain  deposits.  They  constitute  a  most  important  part 
of  the  great  mineral  wealth  of  Utah. 

In  southern  Utah  a  smelter  is  now  reducing  copper  ores,  and  the  matte 
is  hauled  by  wagon  to  the  nearest  railroad  point  fully  one  hundred  miles 
distant.  This  is  done  at  a  profit,  and  is  an  evidence  of  the  rich  character 
of  the  ores.  In  the  Henry  mountains  some  copper  veins  have  been  dis- 
covered which  abound  in  nuggets  of  almost  pure  copper. 

Utah  Onyx. — A  deposit  of  onyx  has  been  found  near  Pelican  Point, 
southwest  of  Lehi  City,  Utah  County.  It  has  been  determined  to  be  com- 
posed of  carbonate  of  calcium,  commonly  known  as  carbonate  of  lime^  It 
is,  therefore,  not  true  onyx,  which  is  a  variety  of  quartz,  and  consists 
chiefly  of  silica.' 

,^- 
This  Utah  onyx  closely  resembles  the  Mexican  onyx,  which  is  so 
highly  prized  for  decorative  purposes.  The  deposit  is  reported  to  be  about 
two  feet  by  twenty  feet,  and  to  extend  downward  to  an  unknown  distance. 
It  is  capable  of  receiving  a  very  high  polish  and  is  really  quite  handsome. 
The  demand  for  this  variety  of  marble,  often  known  as  "  onyx  marble," 
appears  to  be  rapidly  increasing  for  purposes  of  decoration,  and  as  this 
Utah  onyx  exhibits  a  greater  variety  of  colors  than  the  Mexican  onyx  it  is 
reasonable  to  conclude  that  if  it  occurs  in  sufficient  quantity,  as  now  seems 
almost  certain,  it  must  in  the  near  future  be  as  eagerly  sought  after  as 
the  Mexican,  and  will  probably  surpass  it  for  all  those  purposes  for  which 
the  latter  has  been  employed. 

Textile  Fabrics. — There  are  a  number  of  successful  w^oolen  mills  in 
the  Territory,  and  one  mill  at  Washington,  on  the  Rio  Virgin  with  cotton 
machinery.  Cotton  is  grown  in  Southern  Utah,  and  a  limited  line  of  cotton 
fabrics  is  manufactured.  All  the  cotton  used  in  Utah  and  Nevada  in  any  form 
might  be  grown  in  the  warm  rich  valleys  sloping  to  the  Rio  Colorado, 
and  the  machinery  to  manufacture  it  be  established  and  operated  to  ad- 
vantage. The  wool- clip  amounts  to  ten  million  pounds;  yet  not  one- 
tenth  of  it  is  manufactured  in  the  Territory.  There  is  room  and  oppor- 
tunity for  additional  woolen  and  cotton  mills,  with  better  machinery;  and 
also  for  cutting  and  making-up  establishments  in  connection  therewith. 
It  is  a  great  country  for  hand-me-down  suits ;  these  might  be  made  in  the 
towns  of  Utah  as  well  as  in  New  York  and  Boston. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  87 

Building  Materials.— Raw  materials  in  great  variety  have  been 
mentioned  in  a  previous  chapter.  The  increase  of  building  in  the  larger 
towns  the  past  year  has  stimulated  the  opening  of  stone  quarries  and  the 
establishing  of  brick  yards.  Eastern  pressed  brick  have  been  sold  in 
Salt  Lake  and  Ogden  at  $72  to  $82  per  thousand,  the  purchaser  paying 
freight  on  3  tons  of  transportation  from  Philadelphia  or  St.  Louis  for  every 
thousand  brick.  And  this  with  as  good  clay  as  there  is  in  the  east  (except 
Kaolin)  abundant  in  Salt  Lake  Valley.  Two  or  three  companies  are  put- 
ting up  machinery  near  Salt  Lake  that  will  supply  a  first-class  pressed 
brick.  It  will  be  easy  to  engraft  upon  these  establishments  the  requisite 
facilities  for  the  manufacture  of  stoneware,  terra  cotta  ware,  scoriflers, 
fire  brick — everything  made  out  of  clay  except  porcelain. 


The  Western  Cement  Company  have  within  a  year  established  a 
cement  factory  in  Salt  Lake,  capable  of  making  200  barrels  of  300  pounds 
each  per  day.  The  cement  is  made  from  a  lime  shale  found  in  Parley's 
Ca&on.  It  stands  as  much  pressure  per  square  inch,  given  the  same  time 
for  setting,  as  the  Portland  cement,  lacking  about  7  per  cent. 

Mention  has  been  made  of  the  sugar-making  plant  which  the  Utah 
Sugar  Company  have  put  in  on  the  sloping  shore  of  Utah  Lake  between 
Lehi  and  American  Fork.  It  involves  an  investment  of  $400,000 ;  will  eat 
up  350  tons  of  beets  and  turn  out  40  tons  of  sugar  per  day;  and  will  serve 
as  an  object  lesson  in  political  economy  to  the  people  who  are  bene- 
fitted by  it — farmers  and  consumers  of  sugar. 


Stock  Yards  and  Packing  House.— The  Salt  Lake  City  Union  Stock 
Yards  Company  was  incorporated  October  7,  1890,  with  a  capital  of  $250,- 
000  in  2500  shares,  which  have  been  ttikonby  about  120  persons  named  in 
the  incorporation,  and  who  are  residents  of  Salt  Lake  City,  Denver.  Omaha 
ai  \  !=  City.    Most  of  the  stock  is  owned  by  railway  and  stock  men, 

and  i;  .■■  of  the  largest  stockmen  of  Utah,  Idaho,  Nevada,  etc.,  are  in 
the  co:  jiiny.  The  directors  are  D.  C.  Dodge,  manager  of  the  R.  G.  W. 
R'y ,  -r.  W.  Rodifer,  investment  banker,  of  Omaha;  Geo.  A.  Lowe,  J.  E. 
Door  John  H.  White,  W.  P.  Noble,  R.  C.  Chambers,  D.  F.  Sanders,  D. 
K.  Wells,  Fred  Simon,  M.  K.  Parsons,  Charles  Crane,  and  W.  H.  Rem- 
ington, well  known  citizens  of  Utah,  representing  mercantile,  banking, 
cattle,  and  sheep  raising  and  other  interests. 


The  company  have  acquired  300  acres  of  land  north  of  Salt  Lake  City, 
25  of  which  have  been  put  to  use  upon  plana  contemplating  extensions 
from  time  to  time,  as  may  be  needed.  These  plans  include  railway  tracks, 
chutes  for  loading  and  unloading,  yards,  corrals,  stables,  sheds,  etc.,  for 
horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs— in  all  eight  divisions.     There  is  an  ofiice 


88  UTAH  TERKITORY. 

and  exchange  building,  the  first  floor  used  for  the  company's  offices,  the 
second  for  commission  rooms.  There  is,  besides,  a  hotel,  and  a  weighing 
house.  The  capacity  of  the  yards  and  buildings  is  100  cars  of  cattle,  30 
cars  of  sheep,  and  20  cars  of  swine  per  day. 

Connected  with  this  enterprise  are  packing  houses,  with  a  capacity  for 
cooling  500  beeves  and  1,000  sheep  or  swine  at  a  time,  erected  by  White  & 
Sons  Co.,  of  Salt  Lake.  The  ice  machine  has  a  capacity  of  75  tons  of  ice 
per  day.  The  company  have  their  own  refrigerating  cars.  Much  is 
expected  from  the  joint  undertaking  in  paving  the  way  for  other  industries 
incident  to  this  concentration  of  the  slaughtering  and  curing  business  of 
the  inter-mountain  region. 

Sash,  Door  and  Blind  Factory. — A  co  i  pany  with  a  capital  of 
$150,000  is  to  be  organized  in  Salt  Lake,  for  the  manufacture  of  sash, 
doors,  and  blinds.  Huttig  &  Co.,  of  Muscatine,  la,,  with  branches  at  St. 
Louis,  Kansas  City,  and  Wichita,  are  the  organizers  and  promoters  of  this 
scheme.  They  will  take  the  majority  of  the  stock,  and  the  chief  whole- 
sale lumber  dealers  of  Salt  Lake  will  take  the  remainder.  And  thus  the 
waste  and  folly  of  hauling  lumber  from  California  to  Iowa  to  be  made  into 
sash,  doors  and  blinds  for  Salt  Lake  City,  which  is  about  halfway  between 
the  two,  will  be  brought  to  a  timely  end. 

Another  important  new  enterprise  is  called  the  Salt  Lake  Geometrical 
Wood  Carving  and  Manufacturing  Company.  Its  capital  is  $300,000.  It 
proposes  to  absorb  the  Salt  Lake  Mantel  Manufacturing  Company  and  the 
Foote  Refrigerating  Company,  and  to  engage  in  wood  carving  by  machines 
which,  it  is  said,  make  their  own  designs,  and  to  turn  out  mantels  and  re- 
frigerators and  other  articles  in  that  line. 

It  will  be  seen  that  enterprising  men  are  improving  some  of  the  open- 
ings for  profitable  manufacturing  which  for  years  have  been  advertised  as 
abounding  in  Utah.     However,  there  are  plenty  of  opportunities  left. 

The   Labor   Supply. — From    the    GcTvernor's    report    w^  he 

following: 

The  number  of  men  belonging  to  the  trades  unions  in  Salt  L.  "-^e  and 
Ogden  is  as  follows : 

Salt  Lake— 

Number  of  trades  unions  federated..... i:    H 

Number  of  trades  unions  not  federated 1464 

Trades  labor  men  not  members  of  trades  unions 872 

Ogden — 

Number  of  trades  unions  federated , 670 

Number  of  trades  unions  not  federated 498 

Trades  labor  men  not  members  of  trades  unions 

Members  of  trades  unions  outside  of  Salt  Lake  and  Ogden '. 2748 

Total 8835 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  89 

Wage.s  Paid  AxND  Hours  Employed. — The  following  statement  will 
show  the  rate  of  w^ages  paid  for  certain  kinds  of  labor  and  the  hours 
emploj'ed : 


Trades. 

Wages 

per 
Month. 

Wages 

per 
Week. 

Wages 

per 
Day. 
$4.50-$5..50 
2.50    3.00 
3.00   4.00 
3.50   4.00 

Hours 
Em- 
ploy t-(I. 
8-9 

Brickmakers 

9 

9 

■RnilArmflk't>r>< 

9 

*        70 

9 

Bakers 

$      21 

9 

2.75 

3.00 

8 

Clerks 

Carpenters 

.:0-l(.._) 

10 

3.00 

3.50 

8-9 

40-7.5 

10 

■Rl  pf»tri  r>i  a  n  « 

3.50 
2.25 
2.25 
3.00 
3.00 
2.00 
3.00 
3.50 

4.50 
3.00 
2.75 
3.50 
3.50 
2..50 
3.50 
4.00 

8 

9 

TTr»f1  f>MrrlA7"<4                                           

8-9 

9 

9 

Laborers 

TiiTiftinftn                                                    

8-9 

a 

Machinists                      

2i-25 
18-25 

9 

9 

T*rA<J<5TnATI 

9 

4.50 
3.00 
4.00 
4.00 
4.50 
4.50 

3.50 

5.00 
3.50 
4.50 
4.50 
5..50 
5.00 
2.00 
4.00 

9 

Painters...; * 

Pln<jtArArss 

9 

8 

Stonecutters 

Stonemasons 

Steam  and  gas  fitters 

Street  car  employees , 

8 

8 

9 

9 

8 

15-20 
20-25 

10 

Cigar  makers 

8 

Opportunities  and  Wants.— There  are  deposits  of  white  and  col- 
ored marble,  of  lithographic  stone,  of  slate,  of  brimstone,  and  the  mate- 
rials for  glass  manufacture.  Many  of  the  chemical  and  mineral  salts  used 
in  medicine  and  in  the  industrial  arts  are  held  in  solution  by  the  brine  of 
Great  Salt  Lake. 

Tanneries  and  boot  and  shoe  factories  might  be  multiplied  by 
five  and  still  fail  to  supply  the  home  market.  '^' 

There  is  demand  for  a  great  ore-treating  and  chemical  works;  one 
that  would  extract  and  save  all  the  metals  and  useful  minerals  contained 
in  any  ore. 

There  is  plenty  of  opportunity  in  the  mines,  the  output  of  which 
might  be  doubled,  and  then  doubled  again. 

There  are  unused  waters  to  store,  and  the  courses  of  unused  rivers  to 
reclaim.  The  facilities  for  water  storage  on  the  high  plateaus  are  extra- 
ordinary, and  a  thousand  square  miles  await  baptism  in  this  water  on  the 
course  of  the  Sevier  River. 

There  is  need  of  men  to  buy  the  lands  on  the  border  of  Great  Salt 
Lake  from  Nephi  to  Logan,  grub  out  the  bushes,  fill  up  the  hollows,  turn 
on  the  waters,  and  make  Salt  Lake  Valley  what  it  might  be,  but  is  not — ' 
the  finest  fruit-produc  ing  area  of  its  size  in  the  world.  A  large  percent- 
age of  the  fruit  trees  of  Salt  Lake  Valley  but  cumber  the  ground.  It  is 
conceded  that  Utah  has  the  resources  of  a  great  State,  and  that  the  people 


90  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

have  made  a  fair  start  iu  their  development.  The  output  of  the  Territory- 
is  believed  to  be  about  $40,000,000  a  year,  about  equally  divided  between 
agriculture,  mining  and  manufacturing.  Were  the  products  of  manufac- 
turing multiplied  by  five,  the  output  of  raw  materials  and  the  production  of 
food  would  increase  in  proportion.  There  is  a  strong  call  for  outside  men 
and  outside  money  to  thus  increase  the  volume  of  industrial  output.  Why, 
it  maybe  asked,  do  not  the  Utah  people  do  this  themselves?  Because 
there  is  too  much  of  it  to  do,  and  they  have  not  the  disengaged  money. 

The  vast  majority  of  the  people  of  Utah  confine  themselves  to  farming 
on  a  limited  scale  and  to  the  same  sort  of  manufacturing.  They  have 
always  done  so,  and  if  they  had  the  disposition  they  have  not  the  means 
to  do  otherwise.  It  has  been  left  to  a  very  decided  minority  to  prosecute 
mining  and  its  incidental  pursuits.  It  was  the  promised  land  of  the  Mor- 
mons, who  were  segregated  and  gathered  here  from  the  outside,  and  the  aim 
was  to  hold  it  for  the  Mormons  rather  than  for  other  people.  In  the 
course  of  years,  allured  by  the  exceeding  mineral  richness  of  the  country, 
the  latter  have  gained  a  strong  foothold,  however,  and  this  is  now  being 
broadened  and  strengthened  in  the  most  satisfactory  manner  by  new- 
comers. Such  money  as  the  Gentiles  of  Utah  have  is  engaged  in  mining, 
smelting,  banking,  merchandising,  cattle  and  sheep  raising ;  very  little  of 
it  in  agriculture  and  horticulture. 

Many  efforts  have  been  made  from  time  to  time  to  start  railroads, 
ironworks,  hotels,  different  branches  of  manufactures,  great  irrigating 
schemes,  and  to  open  new  mines,  but  unavailingly  for  the  most  part, 
simply  from  the  absence  of  disengaged  money  and  men  to  push  them  to 

success. 

This  is  why  outside  men  and  money  are  called  upon  to  bring  Utah's 
resources  into  requisition.  It  is  believed  that  investments  in  Utah  at  this 
time  will  prove  profitable.  Immigration  and  capital  are  pouring  in.  They 
must  be  interested  in  new  enterprises  —  in  railroad  construction,  mining, 
manufacturing,  farming,  fruit-growing,  stock  raising.  That  is  why  it  is 
asserted  with  *'  damnable  iteration"  that  opportunities  exist  in  bewilder- 
ing profusion.  The  coal,  iron,  oil  and  gas  resources  of  Utah  are  equal, 
without  doubt,  to  those  of  any  region  in  the  West  or  East;  yet  they  are 
relatively  untouched.  Lead-silver  mining  and  smelting  are  prosperous 
and  growing,  but  they  are  still  comparatively  undeveloped.  Especially 
is  this  true  when  all  central  and  southern  Nevada  is  regarded  as  a  tribu- 
tary field,  needing  nothing  to  make  it  so,  in  fact,  but  200  or  300  miles  of 
railroad.  There  would  be  more  tanneries,  foundries,  boot  and  shoe 
factories,  woolen  and  cotton  mills,  knitting  mills,  canneries,  creameries, 
glass  works,  potteries,  chemical  factories,  broom  factories,  powder  works, 
but  for  the  lack  of  money  and  men  to  expend  it  in  building  and  carry- 
ing them  on.  There  is  scope  for  the  use  of  a  thousand  dollars  in  the 
material  development  of  Utah  for  every  ten  dollars  now  put  to  such  use. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  01 

UNION  PACIFIC  RAILWAY. 

Physical  Condition. — The  following  memoranda  on  this  subject  was 
prepared  by  (then)  General  Manager  Ressiguie,  for  Government  Director 
Spaulding. 

Oregon  Short  Line  and  Utah  Northern. — The  Union  Pacific  ow^ns 
the  majority  of  the  Oregon  Short  Line  stock.  The  Oregon  Short  Line 
owns  the  majority  of  the  Oregon  Railway  Navigation  stock,  and  guaran- 
tees six  per  cent  on  the  capital. 

The  Oregon  Short  Line  &  Utah  Northern  is  composed  of  the  following 
roads:  The  Utah  Division,  which  covers  the  property  south  of  Ogden, 
from  Oregon  to  Frisco,  Lehi  Junction  to  Tintic  Mining  Camp,  and  Salt 
Lake  to  the  terminus  of  the  narrow  gauge  road.    Mileage,  380. 

The  Idaho  Division  covers  the  road  from  Ogden  to  Silver  Bow, 
Granger  to  Huntington,  Shoshone  to  Ketchum,  Nampa  to  Boise.  Mileage, 
1,038. 

The  Wyoming  Division,  main  line,  covers  the  road  from  Cheyenne  to 
Ogden.    Mileage,  515. 

Wyoming  Division. — The  physical  condition  of  the  Wyoming  Division 
is  better  than  at  any  time  in  the  history  of  the  road. 

The  sidings  between  Cheyenne  and  Laramie  have  all  been  lengthened, 
also  between  Rawlins  and  Green  River.  An  extensive  switching  yard  has 
been  built  at  Rock  Springs,  the  principal  mining  point  of  the  company. 
This  yard  cost,  completed,  $60,000,  and  will  accommodate  1,000  cars. 

Extensive  yards  have  also  been  built  at  Ogden,  which  were  completed 
at  an  expense  of  $50,000.  In  addition  to  these  two  main  yards,  smaller 
switch  yards  have  been  built  at  Medicine  Bow,  Rawlins  and  Wamsutta, 
and  also  a  slight  extension  of  the  yard  at  Green  River.  There  is  a  switch 
yard  at  Cheyenne,  which  cost  $60,000. 

Idaho  Division.  —The  general  surface  of  the  Idaho  Division  track  is 
better  than  ever  before  since  the  road  was  constructed.  We  were  late  in 
getting  ties  for  the  Idaho  Division,  on  account  of  freshets  in  Oregon  and 
heavy  falPof  snow  in  the  country  last  winter,  but  the  full  quota  of  ties 
called  for  by  the  operating  department  will  have  been  put  in  the  track 
before  the  season  closes. 

There  have  been  erected  on  the  Idaho  Division  coal  chutes  at  Fossil, 
Squaw  Creek,  Shoshone,  Glenn's  Ferry,  Nampa,  Camas,  Lima,  Dillon  and 
Melrose,  which  aid  materially  in  the  movement  of  trains.  These  chutes 
cost  $4,500  each.  Additional  tracks  have  been  put  in  at  Ham's  Fork, 
Fossil,  Montpelier,  Manson,  Soda  Springs,  Squaw  Creek,  Pocatello,  Lima, 
Dillon  and  Glenn.  A  twenty -stall  round  house  has  been  constructed  at 
Pocatello. 

Utah  Division. — A  new  switch  yard  and  rearrangements  of  tracks, 
and  an  out  and  in  freight  depot  have  been  constructed  at  Salt  Lake  City, 
at  a  total  cost  of  $150,000. 


92  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

In  addition  to  the  improvements  which  have  been  made  on  the 
Wyoming,  Idaho  and  Utah  Divisions,  the  gauge  has  been  widened 
between  Ogden  and  Pocatello,  125  miles,  and  between  Cache  Junction 
and  Preston,  in  the  Cache  Valley,  a  distance  of  fifty  miles,  which  has 
obviated  the  transfer  at  Ogden  and  Pocatello.  The  new  track  has  been 
laid  with  new  sixty-pound  steel  and  3,000  ties  to  the  mile,  and  the  work 
has  been  done  in  a  most  thorough  and  substantial  manner,  and  has  saved 
on  each  car  a  haul  of  240  miles. 

The  Union  Pacific  now  has  606  miles  of  standard  gauge  line  in  Utah, 
and  37  miles  of  narrow  gauge,  a  total  of  643  miles.  It  has  a  grade  thrown 
up  between  Milford  and  Pioche,  about  140  miles.  The  latter  is  pretty 
sure  to  be  completed  this  season,  since  parties  engaged  in  mining  at  Pioche 
are  badly  crippled  without  it,  and  are  financially  able  themselves  to  do  it 
if  need  be. 

The  Union  Pacific— As  will  be  seen  by  the  accompanying  map, 
the  Union  Pacific  system  embraces  more  than  6,500  miles  of  road,  consist- 
ing of  the  main  line,  1,037  miles  long,  and  5,500  miles  of  branches,  ex- 
ploring all  parts  of  Nebraska  and  Colorado,  extending  in  the  inter-moun- 
tain region  from  Milford  on  the  sotith  to  Butte,  Mont.,  700  miles,  and  by 
the  Oregon  Short  Line,  ])enetrating  the  heart  of  Idaho,  and  reaching  the 
great  and  ultimate  Northwest,  where  rolls  the  Columbia.  The  extent, 
variety  and  importance  of  the  resources  of  all  this  vast  region,  opened  up 
to  the  world  by  this  great  road,  is  illustrated  by  the  fact  that,  where  a  few 
ox  trains  and  a  daily  stage  line  twenty  years  ago  comprised  its  transpor- 
tation facilities,  it  now  pays  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars  a  day  for  these 
indispensables.  Idaho  has  revealed  a  wealth  of  ore  in  the  last  five  years 
which  has  startled  the  mining  w^orld,  and  will  place  her  in  the  front  rank 
as  a  mining  State.  The  Wood  River  and  Salmon  River  regions  are  now 
attracting  most  attention,  but  their  prosperity  has  not  yet  fairly  begun. 
Fertile  valleys,  w^ooded  mountains,  broad  stock  ranges,  delightful  resorts 
for  tourists,  and  an  unsurpassed  climate,  are  Idaho's  additional  attrac- 
tions and  resources.  The  Oregon  Short  Line  and  Utah  Northern  crosses 
the  Territory  at  right  angles.  All  here  said  extolling  Idaho  might  be  re- 
peated respecting  Montana,  and  then  the  half  not  be  told.  The  Utah 
Northern  has  had  a  magical  effect  on  that  magnificent  Territory.  Immedi- 
ately it  was  constructed,  the  Union  Pacific,  in  pursuance  of  its  settled 
policy,  placed  before  the  world  an  attractive  exhibit  of  her  resources  and 
attractions,  to  which  she  responded  by  doubling  her  population,  wealth 
and  production  in  two  years.  With  her  rich  and  varied  mineral  treasures, 
vast  stretches  of  natural  pasturage,  fertile  farming  lands,  and  healthful 
climate,  Montana  is  a  most  attractive,  and,  at  the  same  time,  practically 
a  virgin  field  for  capital,  pluck  and  industry.  The  Union  Pacific  Railway 
system  affords  transportation  facilities  for  this  great  inter-mountain 
region.  It  is  pushing  its  iron  way  into  all  the  valleys  and  over  all  moun- 
tains of  the  trade  and  mining  centers,  assisting  in  every  way  their  devel- 
opment. 

Freights  received  and  forwarded  by  the  Union  Pacific  stations  in  Utah 
during  the  year  1890  amounted  to  997,842  tons. 


UTAH  TERRITORY. 


03 


As  to  new  roads,  great  efforts  are  being  made  to  construct  a  road  from 
Salt  Lake  to  Deep  Creek.  Nothing  can  be  more  important  to  the  growtli 
of  Salt  Lake  City  than  this.  It  would  bring  under  contribution — extended 
through  Central  and  Southern  Nevada — a  larger  if  not  better  mining 
region  than  Salt  Lake  is  now  drawing  upon  for  an  output  of  $14,000,000  a 
year.  It  is  an  unexcelled  mining  area  of  great  extent,  stagnant  from  lack 
of  railroad  facilities. 


GENERAL  TOPICS. 

Population. — The  population  of  Utah — organized  as  a  Territory  Sept. 
9,  1850 — by  counties,  by  the  respective  censuses  since  taken,  is  shown  in 
the  following  table : 


Counties. 

tl892. 

1890. 

1880. 

1870. 

1860. 

1850. 

Remarks. 

Beaver    

3,410 
7,805 

3,340 
7.R42 

3,918 

6,761 

12,562 

2.007 

4,855 
8,229 

785 
1,608 
2,605 

741 
2,904 

1880,  part  from  Salt  Lake. 

Cache  

16,515    15,509 

Cedar  

Disappears;  no  record. 

1880,  part  from  Salt  Lake. 

1880,  from  fcan  Pete,  Sevier  and 

Wasatch. 
1882. 

6,525i     R  dRQ 

5,279 
556 

4,450 

1,134 

Emerj- 

Garfield      .   . 

3,000 

4,866 
2,457 

Green  River.. 

141 

To  Wyoming. 
1890,  from  Eiperv. 

Grand 

600 1        541 
2.750|     2,683 
6,2001     5,582 
1,735!     1,685 
4,0001     4,033 
1,850      1,780 
2,200!      2  842 

Iron  

4,013 
3,474 
3,085 
3,727 
1,783 
1,651 
1,263 

2,277 
2,034 
1,513 
2,753 
1,972 
82 
1,955 
450 

18,337 

1,010 
672 

300 

1880,  part  to  San  Juan. 

Kane  . 

1880,  part  to  San  Juan. 

Millard 

715 

Morpan 

♦Piute 

1880,  part  to  San  Juan. 

Rich 

1,600 

1,527 

Rio  Virgin  .. 

1871,  part  to  Nevada,  and  1872,  part 

to  Washington. 
1880,  to  Boxelder,  Davis  &  Weber. 
1880,  from  Kane,  Iron  and  Piute. 

Salt  Lake 

San  Juan 

63,000 

400 

14,500 

7.200 

58,457 

365 

13,116 

R.IQQ 

31,977 

204 

11,557 

4,457 

11,295 

6,157 

San  Pete 

Sevier 

6,786 
19 

3,815 

365 

1880,  to  Emery,  Uintah  &  Wasatch. 
1880,  part  to  Emerv. 

Shambip 

'1     -'  " 

162 

198 

1,008 

Absorbed  by  Juab,  Tooele  &Utah. 

Summit 

8,500     7,733 
4,000     3,700 
3,100     2,292 
27,500    23,416 
4,800      4-267 

4,921 
4,497 
799 
17,973 
2,927 

4,235 

2,512 

2,177 

Tooele . 

152 

1880,  part  from  Salt  Lake. 

1880,  from  San  Pete  and  Wasatch. 

Uintah 

Utah        

12,203 
1,244 

3,064 

8,248 

2,026 

1880,  boundaries  changed. 

1880,  to  Emerv  and  Wasaich,  from 

Wasatch  

Washington- 

4,350 

900 

27,500 

4,009 

691 

San  Pete. 
1872,  from  Rio  Virgin. 

Weber 

23,005 

12,344 

7,858 

3,675 

1,186 

1880,  from  Salt  Lake. 

Totals 

223,930208,905 

) 

143,963 

86,786 

40,273 

11,380 

*Piute  County  was  divided  by  the  last  Legislature,  the  eastern  part  having 
become  Wayne  County. 

tEstimated  population. 


In  his  report  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  1892,  Governor  Thomas 
says  foreign  immigration  seems  to  have  fallen  below  the  usual  average  of 
other  years.  The  domestic  immigration  has  nxjt  equaled  that  of  the  pre- 
vious year;  but  there  has  been  a  steady  gro^ti  in  the  commercial  and 
mining  centers  and  railroad  cities  and  towns. 


94 


UTAH  TERRITORY. 


Territorial  Revenue,— From  the  same  report  the  appended  tables 
are  taken: 

Statements  showing  the  assessed  value  of  the  property  of  the  incor- 
porated cities  and  towns  of  Utah  Territory,  and  the  indebtedness  of  same 
for  the  years  1891  and  1892 : 


Cities  Incorporated  under 
Special  Charter. 

American  Fork $ 

Alpine  City 

Beaver 

Brigham  Citv 

Cedar  City 

Coalville 

Corinne 

Ephraim  

Fairview 

Fillmore 

Qrantsviile 

Hyrum 

Kavsville 

Lehi  City 

Logan 1 

Maiiti 

Mendon 

Moroni 

Mount  Pleasant 

Morgan 

Ogden 13 

Park  City 1 

Parowan  

Payson 

Pleasant  Grove 

Provo 3 

Richfield 

Richmond 

Salt  Lake  City 57 

Smithfleld 

Spanish  Fork 

Spring  City 

Springville 

St.  George 

Tooele 

Washington 

Wellsville 

Willard 

Cities  and  Toivns  Incorporated 
Under  the  General  Law — 

Bear  River 

Fountain  Green 

Heber *.. 

Kanab 

Monroe 

Nephi 

Salem 

Salina !•• 

Santaquin t  • 

Elsinore t.. 

::  Huntington t-- 


Assessed  Value  of  Property. 
1891.  1892. 


300,000. 

50,000. 
280,301 . 
464,160. 
145,784. 
215,883. 
182,000. 
264,540. 
120,000, 
100,000. 
150,000, 

24,000, 
229,635. 
280,000, 
,850,000. 
340,000. 

66,000, 

91,284, 
250,000, 
207,900 
,243,965. 
,800,000. 
108,085. 
308,500, 
350,000. 
,152,620 
177,600, 
145,000. 
,965,668. 
192,210. 
237,750. 

80,000. 
680,000. 
252,698. 
151,742. 

42,800. 

93,000, 


22,430. 
70,782 


75,652 

828,962 

47,317 


$      325, 
40, 

3io: 

413, 
139, 

261 : 

182, 
252, 
143, 
100, 

i5o; 

223 

1,000 

393 

1,930 

362, 

69 

95 

244 

210 

13,500 

1,300, 

113, 

323, 

244, 

8,618, 

193, 

156, 

52,598, 

160, 

296, 

83, 

430, 

272, 


,000.00 
,000.00 
,412.00 
,410.00 
,868.00 
,287.00 
235.00 
,190.00 
,200.00 
,000.00 
,000.00 
,556.00 
,000.00 
,800.00 
,842.00 
041.50 
,500.00 
,373.00 
,292.00 
,000.00 
000.00 
000.00 
950.00 
615.00 
030.00 
646.00 
174.00 
300.00 
395.00 
,000.00 
,230.00 
000.00 
000.00 
692.00 
,804.00 
700.28 
690.00 
156,75 


30,000.00 
70,695.00 

"53',347.'o6 
200,000.00 
779,854.00 
144,710.00 
111,272.00 

81,968.00 
106,450.00 

57,396.00 


Amount  of  Indebtedness. 

1891.  1892. 

$    2,400.00  $    2,500.00 

100.00  300.00 

244.79  911.00 

24,000.00 

450.00 


2,500.00 
2,600.00 


1,500.00 


5,000.00 


1,850.00 
6,000.00 


250,000.00 
217. '22 

"  i,"976V66 
'366. 06 

1,000,000.00 
637.50 


2,722.28 


65.00 


16,000.00 
100.00 


6,000.00 
2,000.00 


200.00 


5,000.00 

■isisoeVoo 

12,600.00 
500.00 


368,000.00 


146.60 
600.00 


124,000.00 


200.00 
1,500,000.00 


2,970.23 


20,000.00 


94.75 


Totals $85,780,856.00 


$87,200,081,63        $1,294,106.79        $2,115,678.58 


*No  assessment. 

tNo  assessment  separate  from  county. 

JNot  incorporated  last  yfmf. 

The  increase  in  municipal  indebtedness  for  the  year  is  63.3  per  cent. 

The  increase  in  assessed  valuation  of  property  is  1.6  per  cent. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  95 

Statement  of  the  revenue  from  the  tax  levy  for  the  years  1890  and  1891 
for  school  purposes : 

Territorial  and  Territorial  and 

School  Tax.  School  Tax. 

Counties.  1890.  1891. 

Box  Elder $  19,847.19  $    19,769.95 

Beaver , 5,024.48  5,783.63 

Cache 20,014.33  30,863.60 

Davis 15,813.55  17,482.47 

Emery 6.474.63  7,739.62 

Garfield 1,831.56  3,054.68 

Grand 3,842.10  4,194.22 

Iron 2,946.95  3,481.55 

Juab 11,526.60  11,416  07 

Kane 1,873.97  2,316.52 

Morgan 4,142.00  4,606.67 

Millard 3,519.70  5,914.89 

Piute  3,026.93  2,444.30 

Rich  3,293.65  3,829.15 

Salt  Lake   261,354.83  293,689.28 

Summit 18,974.13  19,769.51 

San  Pete 14,559.43  17,298.15 

Sevier 5,253.22  5,773.48 

San  Juan 1,382.43  1,673.36 

Tooele 7,969.78  7,751.67 

Utah 44,758.60  48,175.41 

Uintah 2,910.23  3,071.81 

Weber 73,308.78  88,412.99 

Wa.satch 5,430.34  5,949.12 

Washington 4,011.65                   4.224.19 

Total $543,061.06  $618,685.19 

The  increase  over  1890  is  10.2  per  cent.    The  revenue  for  1892  it  is  estimated  will 
be  $585,754.49,  a  decrease  of  $32,930.70. 

Comparative  Statement, — Statement  showing  the  total  revenue  for 
each  year  from  1854,  and  the  total  assessed  value  of  property  from  1855 : 

Value  of 

Territorial  and  Propertj' 

Year.                                                                                     School  Tax.  Assessed. 

1854 $  6,386.31  * 

1855 17,348.89  $  3,469,770 

1856 16,999.38  2,937,937 

1857 12,892.43  2,578,486 

1868 9,032.32  * 

1859 9,957.17  3,982,869 

1860 23,369.50  4,673,900 

1861 25,160.92  5,032,184 

1862 47,795.18  4,779,518 

1863 50,482.00  5,048,200 

1864 33,480.02  6,696,004 

1865 47,269.65  9,453,930 

1866 52,838.98  10,467,796 

1867 53,239.13  10,647,826 

1888 52,669.38  10,533,872 

1869 59,968.03  11,393,608 

1870 33,639.09  13,455,636 

1871  38,163.56  15,265,424 

1872 4,3976.40  17,590,560 

1873 53,870.87  21,548,338 

1874 57,021.45  * 

1875 58,222.95  23,289,180 

1876 ,rtT 50,021.11  23,608,064 

1877 : 56,384.15  22,553,660 

1878 146,903.77  24,483,957 

1879 149,910.43  24,985,072 

1880 151,335.24  25,222,540 

1881 153,495.40  25,579,23'1 

1882 174,483.93  29.080,656 

1883 185,006.55  30,834,425 

1884 ^ 203,549.64  33,924,942 

1885 208,931.72  34,851,957 

1886 214,105.93  35,684,322 

1887 227,361.48  37,893,580 

1888 282.636.61  46,868,247 

1889 306,016.14  49,833,690 

1890 543,061.08  108,612,216 

1891 618,685.19  123,737,042 

*  No  data  from  which  to  obtain  the  amount. 


96  UTAH  TEERITORY. 

Statement  showing  the  assessed  valuation  of  real  and  personal  property 
and  improvements  in  the  several  counties  for  1892 : 

Real  Improve-  Personal         , Total. > 

Counties.  Property.  ments.  Propertj'.  1892.  1891. 

Beaver $     922,276.00        $     246,533.00  $1,168,809.00  $1,329,122.00 

Box   Elder 1,104,187.00  $    370.150.00  2,559,474.00  4,033,811.00  4,094,248.00 

Cache 4,044,077.00  1,027,260.00  1,273,483.00  6,344,320.00  6,158,332.00 

Davis 1,989,108.00  562,095.00  1,072,444.00  3,623,641.00  3,496,435.00 

Emery 261,550  00  170,255.00  564,442.00  996,247.00  1,433,786.00 

Garfield 71,485.00  85,702.00  380,759.00  537,946.00  489,958.00 

Grand 29,349.00  15,075.00  223,779.00  268,303.00  810,032.43 

Iron    2.33,135.00  148,085.00  362,692.00  743,912.00  716,685.00 

Juab  596,687.00  426,952.00  514,105.00  1,537,774.00  1,818,656.00 

Kane 61,305.00  109,320.00  426,774.00  597,399.00  339,799.00 

Millard  238,849.00  1,041,741.00  398,257.00  1,678,947.00  1,204,856.00 

Morgan 319,220.00  121,470.00  164,900.00  605,590.00  907,720.00 

Piute 91,114.00  35,145.00  126,439.00  252,698.00  471,180.00 

Rich    488,867.00  78,635.00  223,336.00  795,778.00  796,350.00 

Salt  Lake 33,103,356.00  6,711,065.00  11,823,297.26  51,637,718.26  59,727,472.94 

San  Juan 1,600.00  600.00  361,740.00  363,940.00  334,678.00 

San   Pete 1,932,084.00  825.196.00  1,106,193.00  3,853,473.00  2,575,958.00 

Sevier 493,817.00  251,863.00  620,198.00  1,371,875.00  1,191,915.00 

Summit 1,033,771.00  1,398,938.00  1,648,908.61  4,071,615.61  3,981,593.00 

Tooele 572,052.00  232,275.00  976,439.22  1,730,766.22  1,375,428.00 

Uintah 180,442.00  91,588.00  296,590.00  568,625.00  629,015.00 

Utah  10,244,825.00  10,357,607.00 

Washincrton ..  223,375.00  251,250.00  456,248.00  930,883.00  852,226.00 

Wasatch 556,405.00  255,570.00  294,985.00  1,108,960.00  1,192,730.00 

Weber 10,628,143.00  3,625,777.00  3,523,311.42  17,781,231.42  18,047,000.00 

Wayne 41,734.00  142,585.00  212,117.00  296,436.00        

Total $51,158,055.00      §17,885,579.00      $29,862,442.00      $117,150,899.51      $124,312,782.37 

Revenue  Law.  —Section  2008  of  Chapter  XL.,  Compiled  Laws,  1888, 
provides  for  the  levying  of  an  ad  valorem  tax  on  all  personal  property  as 
follows:  Two  mills  on  the  dollar  for  Territorial  purposes,  three  mills  on 
the  dollar  for  district  school  purposes  (a  Territorial  tax),  such  sums  as 
the  county  courts  of  the  several  counties  may  designate  for  district  school 
purposes  in  such  counties,  not  to  exceed  two  mills  on  the  dollar,  and 
such  sums  as  the  county  courts  of  the  several  counties  may  designate  for 
county  purposes,  not  to  exceed  three  mills  on  the  dollar. 

Section  2012  provides  that  the  property  shall  be  assessed  to  the  owner, 
if  known;  if  the  owner  be  unknown  then  to  an  unknown  owner.  The  tax 
shall  attach  to  and  constitute  a  lien  on  the  property  assessed,  if  real  estate, 
from  the  31st  day  of  August  of  each  year,  and  if  persoral  property, 
from  the  day  of  assessment.  If  the  taxpayer  owns  both  real  estate  and 
other  personal  taxable  property,  the  tax  on  personal  pioperty  shall  also 
be  a  lien  on  real  estate.  In  each  and  every  case  the  V'en  is  paramount  to 
all  other  liens,  and  it  cannot  be  removed  until  the  .ax  is  paid,  '*  or  until 
the  title  vests  thereto,  under  a  sale  thereof,  by  virtue  of  proceedings  to 
enforce  payment  of  the  tax." 

Section  2030  provides  that,  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  December  of 
each  year,  the  Collector  shall  publish  a  delinquent  list,  showing  the 
amount  assessed  against  each  delinquent  in  his  county.  This  list  is  pub- 
lished for  a  period  of  ten  days,  and  on  the  third  Monday  of  December  of 
each  year  the  Collector  exposes  for  sale  the  delinquent  property,  or  enough 
thereof  to  satisfy  the  lien,  and  continues  the  sale  from  day  to  day  until  the 
property  of  such  delinquent  is  exhausted  or  the  taxes  and  costs  are  paid. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  97 

Section  2032  provides  for  the  redemption  of  property  sold  for  delin- 
quent taxes  as  follows :  "  Real  estate  sold  for  taxes,  as  aforesaid,  may  be 
redeemed  by  any  person  interested  therein,  at  any  time  within  two  years 
after  the  sale  thereof,  by  such  person  paying  into  the  county  treasury,  for 
the  use  of  the  purchaser,  or  his  legal  representatives,  the  amount  paid  by 
such  purchaser  and  all  costs,  as  aforesaid  (amounting  in  the  aggregate  to 
$7.00  on  each  delinquent  parcel  of  real  estate),  with  interest  at  the  rate  of 
Ij^  per  cent,  per  month  on  the  whole  from  the  day  of  sale  to  that  of  the 
redemption,  and  all  taxes  that  have  accrued  thereon  and  which  have  been 
paid  by  the  purchaser  after  his  purchase  to  the  time  of  redemption.'' 

Compared  with  the  pages  of  delinquent  taxes  published  in  the  news- 
papers of  "boom"  towns,  a  pretty  good  showing  is  made  for  Salt  Lake 
City  and  County. 

Education:  Free  School  System.— On  this  subject  the  Governor  has 
the  following  in  his  report,  to  wit : 

The  steady  increase  in  the  number  of  pupils  attending  the  public 
schools  during  the  year  ending  June,  1890,  continued  during  the  year  end- 
ing June,  1891.  In  Salt  Lake  City  the  number  of  pupils  seeking  admis- 
sion is  beyond  the  capacity  of  the  school  buildings,  and  the  trustees  are 
compelled  to  rent  private  buildings. 

In  Ogd»n,  Provo,  Logan  and  other  cities  the  schools  are  also  crowded. 
The  free  school  law  has  stimulated  the  cause  of  public  education  in  everj- 
part  of  tile  Territory. 

Denominational  schools  still  exist  in  different  parts  of  the  Territory, 
though  I  have  been  informed  there  is  a  steady  decrease  in  the  number 
of  pupils  attending  them.  I  believe  it  is  the  intention  of  nearly  all  the 
denominational  schools  to  gradually  withdraw  from  competition  with  the 
public  schools. 

In  my  last  report  I  referred  to  the  fact  of  denominational  schools 
having  been  established  by  the  Mormon  Board  of  Education,  in  competi- 
tion with  the  public  schools.  The  statement  was  severely  criticised  by  the 
organ  of  the  church,  and  it  was  intimated  the  statement  was  not  true. 
Since  then  I  have  received  reports  from  such  schools,  which  show  conclu- 
sively that  many  of  them  are  teaching  the  same  class  of  studies  as  the 
public  schools. 

The  time  will  soon  come  when  the  denominational  school  will  have  to 
give  way  before  the  public  school. 

Denominational  Schools. — Statement  showing  the  number  of  schools 
established  and  maintained  by  religious  denominations,  excepting  the 
Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-Day  Saints,  for  the  years  1891  and  1892: 


-1892- 


Denominations.  Schools.     Teachers.     Pupils.         Schools.     Teachers.     Pupils. 

Methodist..- 26    38    1,400    21    36    1,150 

Protestant  Episcopal..  6    18    600    6    18    550 

Catholic 6    50    800    8    73    900 

Conjrregational 21      45    2,269    20    46    2,068 

Swedish  Lutheran * *     

Baptist *      *      

Presbyterian 31    61    1,935    28    57    1,850 


Total 88  212  6,904  81  230  6,518 

*No  report;  schools  discontinued.  * 


98  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

Cost  op  Denominational  Schools.— Statement  showing  the  amount 
expended  for  schools  by  the  various  religious  denominations,  excepting 
the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-Day  Saints  prior  to  June  30,  1891,  and 
to  June  30,  1892: 

_          ^   ^  ,  „  Expended  for 
Denominations       Expended  for  Expended  in  school  grounds  Total    ex- 
schools  to  maintaining  and    build-  pend«dfor 
June  30, 1891.  schools,   1892.  ings,1892.           schools. 

Methodist $    349,600    $    11,500    $    361,100 

Protestant  Episcopal * 15,000    .'. $  7,000    22,000 

Catholic 473,000    30,000    60,000    563,000 

Congregational 386,169    35,000    421,169 

Swedish  Lutheran 16,500    * 16i500 

Baptist .' 13,000    13,000 

Presbyterian 374,250    27,690    2,300    404,150 


Total $1,599,519  $119,100  $82,300  $1,800,919 

*No  report  before  1891. 

The  school  law  of  March,  1890,  provides  for  a  territorial  commis- 
sioner of  schools,  county  superintendents,  district  trustees,  and  a  special 
board  for  the  examination  of  teachers  in  each  county.  All  children  be- 
tween 6  and  18  years  of  age  attend  the  public  schools. free  of  charge,  and 
all  children  between  10  and  14  are  obliged  to  attend  some  sc'liool,  public 
or  private,  at  least  16  weeks  in  each  year,  except  for  reasons  precluding 
such  attendance. 

For  the  support  of  the  system  there  is  levied  a  territorial  tax  of  3 
mills,  which  is  apportioned  by  the  territorial  commissioner  to  the  several 
counties  in  proportion  to  their  school  children  respectively.  In  1890  this 
tax  amounted  to  $150,000.  Each  county  superintendent  i&  required  to 
annually  furnish  the  county  court  with  an  estimate  of  the  money  needed 
to  carry  on  the  schools  for  the  year.  Whereupon  the  county  court  levies 
such  tax  as  may  be  necessary,  not  exceeding  2  mills  on  the  dollar.  Each 
district  may  levy  a  special  tax  not  exceeding  one  per  cent  of  the  taxable 
property  of  the  district,  upon  authorization  by  the  voters,  for  the  purpose 
of  buldings,  betterments,  etc. 

The  districts  may  borrow  on  6  percent  5-20  bonds;  districts  of  less 
than  500  inhabitants  may  thus  borrow  $3,000;  of  more  than  that  number, 
up  to  2  per  cent,  of  the  assessed  valuation.  Interest  on  these  bonds  is 
raised  by  a  tax  not  exceeding  2  mills  on  the  dollar,  and  after  5  years  a 
similar  tax  may  be  levied  to  meet  the  principal. 

/ 

The  cities  are  divided  into"  two  classes,  in  both  of  which  each  city 
forms  a  single  school  district  by  itself.  There  is  a  board  of  education  com- 
posed of  the  mayor  and  two  trustees  from  each  municipal  ward.  All  the 
school  property  of  the  city  vests  in  the  board  of  education.  The  board 
may  fill  vacancies  between  elections.  It  appoints  a  superintendent,  clerk, 
and  an  examining  board. 


UTAH  TERfllTORY.  .>'j 

Deseret  University.— The  Territorial  (Utah)  Universitj%  at  Salt 
Lake,  under  the  fostering  care  of  the  legislature,  and  managed  by  an 
eminent  and  capable  board  of  regents,  is  fast  becoming  the  favorite  edu- 
cational institution  of  Utah  and  the  intermountain  region.  The  board  of 
instruction  contains  a  score  of  teachers,  and  it  is  at  present  organized  with 
seven  departments.  While  the  courses  are  to  a  considerable  extent  elec- 
tive, all  require,  as  a  basis  for  advancement,  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
branches  necessary  to  a  good  business  education,  and  in  the  higher  courses 
the  university  is  prepared  to  give  as  complete  an  education  as  can  be  ac- 
quired in  eastern  colleges.  In  many  specialties,  such  as  music,  art  and 
mechanical  drawing,  painting  etc.,  it  affords  a  wider  range  of  instruction 
than  most  colleges.  The  legislature  of  1890  established  a  department  of 
geology  and  mining,  and  this  chair  is  filled  by  a  professor  of  high  literary 
and  scientific  attainments,  who  brings  to  his  work  several  years  of  suc- 
cessful experience.  He  is  also  curator  of  the  museum,  the  extent  and 
scientific  value  of  which  is  already  considerable.  The  university  has  a 
library  of  10,000  volumes,  which  will  be  added  to  as  means  in  hand  permit. 
A  military  class  is  maintained  as  a  substitute  for  gymnastics  in  giving 
regular  moderate  physical  exercise,  a  manly  deportment,  and  teaching 
habits  of  promptness  and  attention.  Spanish,  in  addition  to  German  and 
French,  is  taught,  with  a  view  to  the  future  commercial  relations  of  this 
country  with  the  lands  to  the  south,  of  which  Spanish  is  the  language. 
One  of  the  most  impo:  tant  features  of  the  university  is  its  normal  depart- 
ment. It  is  obliged  by  law  to  teach  a  perpetual  class  of  100  teachers. 
The  state  that  provides  free  common  schools,  and  competent  teachers 
for  them,  has  done  its  duty  in  the  matter  of  education.  Ninety  thousand 
dollars  was  appropriated  for  the  University  for  1892  and  1893. 

The  people  of  the  intermountain  region  are  so  accustomed  to  look 
abroad  for  instruction  in  the  higher  educational  branches,  that  the  first 
and  perhaps  the  most  diflicult  lesson  the  university  will  have  to  teach  is, 
that  what  students  seek  abroad  they  can  get  at  home  at  half  the  cost;  but 
with  the  known  healthfulness  of  the  climate,  the  moderate  cost  of  board 
in  Salt  Lake  City,  the  nominal  charge  for  tuition,  the  liberal  support  of 
the  legislature,  and  the  confidence  and  encouragement  of  the  people, 
supplemented  by  a  progressive  management,  keeping  pace  with  the  devel- 
opment of  the  Territory,  the  university  in  the  near  future  should  attain  a 
high  degree  of  prosperity  and  usefulness,  and  a  reputation  commensurate 
with  its  merits. 

The  university  has  a  deaf  mute  department,  handsomely  housed  in 
University  Square,  and  it  is  the  only  school  of  the  kind  between  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Pacific  Coast,  It  is  already  receiving  students  from 
Idaho  and  Arizona.  The  attendance  in  1890  was  43.  During  the  year  an 
industrial  department  was  added  to  the  school :  printing,  carpentering, 
and  shoemaking  for  the  boys,  and  sewing  and  fancy  work  for  the  girls. 
Some  of  the  work  done  was  on  exhibition  at  the  Territorial  fair  of  last 
fall,  and  received  a  silver  medal  and  a  diploma. 


100  UTAH  TERRITORY.  '' 

CHURCHES. 

Statement  showing  the  number  of  churches  and  ministers  maintained 
by  religious  denominations,  excepting  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter- 
Day  Saints,  for  the  years  1891  and  1892 : 


-1891.- 


Denominations.  Churches.    Ministers.       Churches.     Ministers. 

Methodist 33  26       a5     30 

Protestant  Episcopal 8  7       10     6 

Catholic 6  15        9      19 

Congregational 5  8       8  12 

Swedish  Lutheraa 6  4        16      7 

Baptist *  3      4 

Presbyterian 17  19       18      20 

Total 75    !!!!!!!"    79     !!!!!!!!!    89    .!!!!!!!!    98 

*No  report.    fAlso  10  missions  without  churches. 

Cost  op  Churches.— Statement  showing  the  amount  expended  for 

churches  by  the  various  denominations,  excepting  the  Church  of  Jesus 

Christ  of  Latter-Day  Saints,  prior  to  June  30,  1891,  and  to  June  30,  1892 : 

Expended  for  grounds,  buildings 
and  maintenance. 
Denominations.  To  June         To  June 


30,  1892. 


Total. 


Methodist $217,500  $     8,500  $226,000 

Protestant  Episcopal * 1,200  1,200 

Catholic 113,000  7,000  120,000 

Congregational 20,000  51,000  71,000 

Swedish  Lutheran 45,900  6,275  52,175 

Baptist * * 

Presbyterian 89,700  2,300  92,000 


Total $486,100  $76,275  $562,375 

♦No  report. 

Settlement  op  Public  Lands.— Statement  showing  the  disposition 
and  settlement  of  pubUc  lands  in  Utah  Territory,  and  the  total  business  of 
the  Land  Office  at  Salt  Lake  City  from  the  time  of  its  opening  in  March, 
1869,  to  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  ending  Juaie  30,  1892  : 

No. 

Cash  entries  4,008 

Mineral  entries 1,840' 

Mineral  applications 2,137 

Desert  applications 3,565 

Desert  final  entries  856 

Homestead  entries 9,805 

Homestead  final  entries 4,768 

Timber  culture  entries 1,577 

Timber  culture  final  entries  18 

Adverse  mining  claims 926 

Pre-emption  filmgs 11,993 

Coal  filings 1,144 

Coal  cash  entries 105 

U.  P.  and  C.  P.  R.  R.  selections  

Land  warrants 

Agricultural  College  scrip 

Valentine  scrip 

Chippewa  scrip 

Supreme  Court  scrip 

Sioux  Half-breed  scrip 

Timber  sold 

♦Timber  depredations 

Testimony  fees 

Total 

♦Timber  depredations  and  stumpage  consolidated. 


Acreage. 

Amount. 

378,843.52 

$    596,816.17 

20,063.99 

96,467-00 

10,987.77 

21,370.00 

716,387.30 

187,184.21 

158,709.35 

161,429.24 

1,233,966.24 

150,281.65 

673,549.70 

31,315.85 

179,303.49 

17,902.00 

1,900.00 

72.00 

9,026.00 

1,444,727.88 

35,979.00 

144,120.00 

3,432.00 

189,933.80 

13,340.20 

639,068.30 

8,039.64 

23,957.00 

615.00 

84,912.00 

2,232.00 

280.12 

14  00 

479.82 

10.00 

4,530.02 

360.00 

6.00 

127.08 

15,422.31 

17,142.92 

5,906,080.30 

$1,368,224.27 

187 

12,230.50 

£26,449.52 

89 

*2,015.76 

9.520.00 

125 

2,442.18 

1,250.00 

224 

33,908.55 

8.788.46 

87 

*23.460.79 

25,379.49 

637 

87,569.24 

9,617.94 

190 

*26.740.40 

1,201.22 

3 

*320.00 

12.00 

38 

380.00 

4 

*385.18 

12.00 

39 

*5,480.00 

117.00 

8 

1,195.94 

22,318.80 

577 

92,319.65 

1,153.00 



788.64 

UTAH  TERRirORY.  101 

Statement  of  the  business  of  the  United  States  Land  Office  at  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah,  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1892 : 

Kind  of  Entey. 
Cash  entries  (including   acreage  in   commuted  H. 

E.  &  T.  C.  E.) 

Mineral  entries 

Mineral  applications 

Desert  applications 224 

Desert  final  entries 

Home.stead  entries 

Homestead  final  entries 

Timber  culture  final  entries 

Adverse  mining  claims 

Preemption  filings 

Coal  filings 

Coal  entries 

Railroad  selections 

Testimony  fees ' 

Total 2,208  229,666.06        $106,986.07 

♦Not  new  entries. 

Total  area  surveyed  to  June  30,  1891,  13,198,204.16  acres. 

Business,  Building,  Salt  Lake  Valley.— In  former  times  Utah 
took  no  part  in  the  systematic  advertising  and  colonizing  which  have  so 
hastened  the  settlement  of  the  West.  Little  was  heard  of  the  relative  ad- 
vantages of  Utah  as  compared  with  her  neighbors.  Her  resources,  im- 
provements, wealth,  industries,  population,  position,  climate,  attractions, 
capabilities  and  opportunities  were  not  dilated  upon.  About  six  years 
ago  there  was  a  sudden  change  in  this  respect.  Aspiration  for  the  mate- 
rial advancement  of  the  Territory  seemed  to  seize  all  classes,  and  from 
that  moment  dawned  a  new  era  for  Utah.  The  spirit  of  enterprise  has  for 
the  past  three  years  hourly  grown  stronger  as  it  has  materialized  in  new 
railroad  lines,  new  buildings,  public  and  private,  new  factories,  new  in- 
dustries, new  mines,  rapid  transit,  electric  lines,  sewers,  pavements,  side- 
walks, improved  lighting  and  agricultural  development  of  the  Territory. 
During  that  period  the  city  and  Territory  have  opened  and  expanded  like 
a  vast  flower.  Faith  and  courage  have  been  richly  rewarded,  and  to  real- 
ize the  most  sanguine  dream  of  to-day  nothing  is  requisite  but  the  devel- 
opment of  these  qualities  without  hesitation  or  reserve.  To  the  invalid, 
to  him  who  is  seeking  an  ideal  climate,  to  the  business  man  or  the  manu- 
facturer who  is  seeking  a  new  location,  or  to  the  investor.  Salt  Lake  Val- 
ley is  without  doubt  the  most  inviting  of  all  the  flowery  fields  which 
to-day  are  attracting  attention. 

As  if  to  forever  bar  a  water  famine  in  Salt  Lake  Valley,  nature  has 
provided  a  reservoir  in  Bear  Lake,  150  square  miles  in  area,  high  up  in  the 
mountains  on  Bear  River,  the  principal  tributary  of  Great  Salt  Lake  from 
the  North;  and  a  second  reservoir  in  Utah  Lake,  125  square  miles 
in  area,  on  the  Jordan,  the  principal  tributary  of  the  Lake  from 
the  South.  There  is  thus,  with  Weber  River,  entering  the  valley 
and  the  lake  from  the  East,  water  enough  forever  assured  to  irrigate  every 


102  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

acre  of  the  eastern  border  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  from  Nephi  on  the  south  to 
Bear  River  Cafion  on  the  north,  a  distance,  as  traveled,  of  about  150 
miles.  This  fringe  of  the  desert,  between  the  Wasatch  and  Great  Salt 
Lake,  and  between  the  Wasatch  and  Utah  Lake,  about  1,200,000  acres  in 
extent,  is  potentially,  in  location,  resources,  climate  and  fertility,  the 
glory  of  the  earth.  It  is  easily  the  garden  spot  of  Utah.  It  supports 
more  than  30  settlements  or  towns,  and  more  than  half  the  population  of 
Utah.  Every  acre  of  the  land  is  w^orth  $100,  although  it  varies  in  price, 
exclusive  of  the  suburbs  of  the  larger  towns,  from  $5  to  $225  an  acre. 
Two  railroads  extend  from  end  to  end  of  it,  and  thence  to  all  the  world ; 
hardly  an  acre  of  it  is  more  than  five  miles  from  these  roads ;  there  is  a  peren- 
nial flow  from  the  overshadowing  great  mountains  of  10,000  second-cubic 
feet  of  water,  sufficient  to  irrigate  the  whole  expanse;  there  is  a  cash 
market  at  good  prices  in  the  adjacent  mines,  and  in  the  trading,  manufac- 
turing and  professional  population  of  the  towns.  There  is  nothing  like  it 
between  the  eastern  half  of  Nebraska  and  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento. 

Salt  Lake  Valley  has  reason  to  be  satisfied  with  its  central  and  com- 
manding position,  whether  with  respect  to  the  belt  of  fertile  land  shel- 
tered and  watered  by  the  cloud-compelling  mountains,  and  already 
planted  with  200  towns,  and  settlements,  stretching  from  the  Rio  Col- 
orado on  the  south  to  the  Snake  River  on  the  north;  or  with  respect 
to  the  vast  and  virgin  region,  rich  in  all  sorts  of  resources,  and  es- 
pecially in  mineral  resources,  sweeping  away  beyond  the  encircling 
horizon,  and  bounded  on  the  southwest  only  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is 
the  industrial,  the  commercial,  the  business  heart,  not  only  of  Utah,  but  of 
the  whole  imperial  expanse  lying  between  the  crest  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains and  the  crest  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  extending  from  the  Main 
Range  dividing  Montana  and  Idaho  on  the  north  to  the  Colorado  River 
on  the  south.  The  most  extravagant  present  estimate  of  the  resources 
and  possibilities  of  this  empire  will  be  more  than  realized  in  the  future. 

And,  by  the  way,  Salt  Lake  City  is  the  capital  of  Salt  Lake  Valley, 
with  all  that  the  term  implies. 

The  extent  and  value  of  new  buildings  throughout  the  Territory  is 
almost  beyond  computation;  certainly  no  conclusive  figures  are  attainable. 

Under  this  heading  the  Governor's  report  says : 

Business  Prosperity. — During  the  year  ending  June  30,  1892,  there 
has  been  a  steady  development  of  the.  business  interests  of  the  Territory, 
though  not  to  the  same  extent  as  in  the  years  1890  and  1891.  In  the  com- 
mercial centers  business  has  been  quiet,  but  in  the  remoter  counties  many 
of  the  new  settlements  have  been  growing  quite  rapidly. 

In  the  principal  cities  and  towns  the  population  has  steadily  increased, 
and  the  number  of  persons  coming  to  the  Territory  from  the  East  is  quite 
large.  The  statistics  show  that  new  buildings  have  been  erected  in  the 
different  cities  and  towns  to  the  value  of  $3,017,380.00. 

The  sugar  manufactory  erected  at  Lehi,  Utah  County,  is  now  in  suc- 
cessful operation.  Because  of  its  presence  the  price  of  sugar  was  lower  in 
1891  than  it  has  been  in  the  history  of  the  Territory. 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  103 

New  Buildings. — Statement  showing  the  number  of  residences  and 
business  buildings  erected  or  under  contract  for  erection  in  the  cities  and 
towns  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1892 : 

Cities  Incorporated  Under              nwfi^l^T^0•^  Valno  Business       valne 

Special  Ciiarter.                        Dwellings,  value.  Houses.         value. 

American  Fork 26    $  16,600    4    $    6,650 

Alpine 3    3,000    

Beaver 10    12,000    2    5,000 

BrighamCity 28    32,000    3    10,750 

Cedar  City 10    10,500    3    1,200 

Coalville 9    4,500    

Corinne  ."•. 3    5,000    2    18,000 

Ephrailji 10    9,700    3    35,000 

Fairview 10     3,000    2    500 

Fillmore 2    5,000    2    1,000 

Grantsville 

Hyrum 5    4,000    1    2,000 

Kaysville 11    15,000    

Lehi 40     35,000    3     22,000 

Logan  66    81,700    4    43,300 

Manti 20    17,800    3    4,900 

Mendon 6    3,500    

Moroni 10    5,000    

tMount  Pleasant 23    18,876    1    300 

Morgan 6    6,000    

tOgden 165    296,210    29    281,500 

Park  City 65    45,500    8    33,000 

Parowan 1    1,500    

Payson  30    24,000     4    15,000 

Pleasant  Grove 10    6,000    4    7,000 

§Provo 32     101,000    5     15,800 

Richfield  6    5,000    15     18,025 

Richmond 5    7,500    

Salt  Lake  City 545    952,294    39    585,775 

♦Smithfleld 6    6,000    

SpanishFork 12    11,800    .•     4    17,000 

Spring  City 12    5,000    2    1,400 

Spring\nlle ^ 32    32,000    7     56,000 

St.  George 6    9,000    

Tooele 2    2,000    1     8,000 

WellsvilL©  r. 3    2,700    

Willard 4    5,000    1    3,500 

Washington 

Cities  and  Towns  Incorporated  Under  the  General  Law. 

Bear  River 4    5,000    

Monroe 8    4,123    

Fountain  Green 2    2,500    

Heber :..        5     6,000    2    5,000 

Kanab 4    2,000    1    3,000 

**Nephi 

Salem  7    3,000    

Salina 7     5,500    12   ^ 13,000 

Santaquin .-. 9    4,600    3    8,000 

Elsinore 13    6,300    8    7,100 

Huntington. 3    3,500    


Totals 1,296    $1,827,384    171     $1,190,000 

♦District  school,  $1,600.    fDistrict  schools,  $10,000.    |Public  schools,  $220,000. 
§Public  schools,  $16,500;  Brigham  Young  College,  $75,000.    •*No  report. 


104  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

Salt  Lake  City — Building  Improvements. — Two  years  ago  the  fire 
department  consisted  of  eiglit  men,  one  steamer,  one  hose  cart,  two 
stations.  There  are  now  G5  men— 25  full  paid,  20  call  men  paid  $50  a 
year,  20  volunteers,  1  life-saving  corps;  2  Silsby  engines,  6  hose  carts 
and  reels,  2  hook  and  ladder  trucks,  1  chemicaL  engine,  6  stations. 

Sixty -five  miles  of  electric  or  motor  street  car  lines  have  been  com- 
pleted. There  are  six  street  car  lines,  namely :  The  Salt  Lake  City,  the 
Rapid  Transit,  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  the  West  Side  Rapid  Transit,  Beck's 
Hot  Springs,  and  the  East  Bench.  These  lines  cover  the  principal  streets 
of  the  city,  and  extend  four  or  five  miles  from  the  intersection  of  Main 
Street  and  First  South  in  every  direction.  The  electric  light  works  have 
established  250  arc  lights  at  the  intersection  of  the  streets,  and  put  in  an 
incandescent  lighting  plant  costing  $165,000.  Residences  are  furnished 
with  electric  lights  cheaper  than  in  Denver  or  San  Francisco. 

There  are  sixteen  banks  in  the  city — six  national,  seven  incorporated 
under  Territorial  law,  and  three  private  banks.  The  six  national  and 
seven  incorporated  banks  report  a  combined  capital  of  $3,058,082,  $172,412 
surplus,  $323,028  undivided  profits,  $5,725,301  deposits,  and  $5,805,704  loans 
and  discounts.  Add  to  these  the  estimated  capital,  deposits  and  loans  of 
three  private  banks,  to-wit:  $1,000,000  capital,  $2,500,000  deposits,  and 
$2,250,000  loans,  and  the  showing  for  Salt  Lake  is,  banking  capital,  surplus 
and  undivided  profits,  $4,853,522 ;  deposits,  $8,225,301 ;  loans  and  discounts, 
$8,055,704.  The  laws  allow  national  banks  to  loan  all  their  capital  and 
from  75  to  85  per  cent  of  their  deposits.  In  Salt  Lake,  if  all  the  capital, 
surplus  and  undivided  profits  were  loaned,  then  but  about  40  per  cent  of  the 
deposits  are  loaned.  The  Salt  Lake  Clearing  House  Association  began 
operations  April  1,  1890.  The  clearings  for  1891  and  1892  were  as 
follows : 

Month.  ^  1891.  1892. 

January $  8,776,471  $  7,587,452 

Februaxy 7,292,928  6,238,626 

March 6,162,690  7,461,484 

April 7,128,929  9,006,519 

May 5,427,098  8,874,002 

June 5,821,944  7,971,650 

July 7,200,625  8,363,500 

August 7,949,917  7,493,757 

September 6,087,262  7,152,292 

October 6,649,649  7,818,726 

November 6,972,030  9,481,017 

December 7,413,277  8,064,589 

Totals $81,783,820  $94,023,611 

Increase $12,239,791 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  1''  ' 

The  exchange  for  January  1— $1,770,977— exceeded  that  of  twenty -one 
cities  on  the  list  in  the  United  States ;  it  was  one-fourth  that  of  Montreal, 
of  Kansas  City,  of  Milwaukee,  Buffalo,  Galveston  and  Minneapolis ;  and 
they  have  steadily  increased  up  to  the  present  time. 

The  business  of  the  post  office,  of  the  telephone  exchange,  of  the  tele- 
graph office,  and  the  sales  of  real  estate,  show  an  increase  of  40  to  50  per 
cent  for  1889  upon  the  business  for  the  preceding  year. 

The  assessed  value  of  property  in  the  city  shows  a  steady  advance ; 
not  a  boom,  but  something  substantial. 

Ogden.— The  following  is  from  an  account  published  in  1890.  Of 
course  the  city  has  advanced  greatly  since  then : 

'The  city  is  nestled  up  against  the  towering  peaks  of  the  Wasatch 
Range  on  the  western  slope,  and  from  which  the  fall  in  elevation  is 
gradual  and  easy  down  to  the  Weber  and  Ogden  rivers,  which  unite  at  a 
point  west  of  the  city  and  flow  across  the  world-famed  valley  into  the 
Great  Salt  Lake.  The  city  is  built  upon  the  triangle  formed  by  the  junc- 
tion of  these  two  rivers.  The  view  obtained  of  these  rivers,  the  Great 
Salt  Lake  and  the  lovely  green  valley  stretching  as  far  as  the  eye  can 
reach  north  and  south,  from  almost  any  portion  of  the  city  east  of  the 
main  thoroughfare  known  as  Washington  Avenue,  is  a  grand  one,  anvt. 
leaves  an  impression  upon  the  mind  while  memory  lasts.  Where  once  was 
naught  but  a  vast  and  barren  waste,  to-day  stands  Ogden,  the  Queen  City 
of  the  West,  with  a  population  of  nearly  18,000  souls,  and  around  it  gleams 
and  shimmers  wide  fields  that  grow  the  golden  grain,  beautiful  orchards 
of  delicious  fruit,  and  thousands  of  comfortable  homes. 

"Ogden  is  situated  midway  between  Omaha  and  San  Francisco,  in  the 
heart  of  one  of  the  largest  and  most  fertile  agricultural  and  horticultural 
regions  between  the  Missouri  and  the  Pacific.  It  is  in  the  heart  of  a 
mineral  region  that  is  just  beginning  to  be  developed ;  it  is  situated  in  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  and  healthful  portions  of  the  globe,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  regions  of  unsurpassed  scenic  and  historic  interest.  The  city 
is  situated  in  oae  of  the  greatest  sanitariums  in  the  world,  abounding  in 
facilities  for  lake  bathing,  mineral  springs  of  every  known  character,  the 
purest  mountain  air,  and  the  most  healthful  climate.  Five  lines  of  railways 
branch  out  in  all  directions,  and  others  are  pushing  westward  to  this  point. 
''Within  the  territory  tributary  to  Ogden  lie  more  than  1,000,000  acres 
of  tillable  land  unexcelled  in  fertility,  and  not  even  one  failure  of  crops  is 
known.  Vast  storehouses  of  iron,  coal,  limestone,  salt,  oil,  soda,  asphalt, 
natural  gas,  slate,  marble,  building  stone  and  fire  clay,  as  well  as  mountains 
of  gold,  silver,  lead,  copper  and  other  precious  minerals,  are  at  its  doors. 
"At  the  present  time  it  is  almost  impossible  to  find  a  residence  or  busi- 
ness house  for  rent ;  buildings  cannot  be  constructed  with  rapidity  enough 
to  supply  the  demands.  There  are  twenty-five  wholesale  and  twenty-two 
manufacturing  establishments  located  here,  and  every  business  house  and 
factory  is  doing  a  thriving  business.  There  has  not  been  a  business  fail- 
ure of  importance  during  the  last  five  years,  and  but  forty  in  many  years. 
It  is  a  fact  that  during  forty-two  years  there  has  never  been  a  tax  deed 
recorded,  and  it  is  equally  remarkable  that,  in  the  history  of  the  county,  but 
four  mortgages  have  been  foreclosed.     Artesian  wells  are  found  and  flow 


106  y  LTAll  TERKITOKY. 

abundantly  at  a  depth  of  one  hundred  feet.  Ogden  has  every  facility  for 
profitable  manufacturing  enterprises,  namely  :  a  large  supply  of  raw  pro- 
ducts in  every  variety,  a  large  and  rapidly  growing  market,  from  which 
outside  competition  can  be  excluded,  cheap  fuel  and  water  power,  and 
unequalled  transportation  facilities. 

"  The  assessed  value  of  Ogden  real  estate  has  increased  in  the  past  year 
nearly  three  hundred  per  cent.,  and  the  aggregate  sales  in  the  past  year 
have  reached  nearly  $7,000,000,  which  is  nearly  $1,000,000  per  month  dur- 
ing the  term  of  real  estate  activity. 

"  In  1888  Ogden  expended  $300,000  in  new  buildings,  in  1889  the  expen- 
diture amounted  to  $1,451,727,  and  in  1890  her  new,  buildings  will  foot  up 
at  the  least  $3,000,000,  an  increase  over  last  year  of  $1,548,273,  and  over 
the  previous  year  of  $2,900,000;  which  is  a  wonderful  showing,  and  is 
due  to  the  natural  advantages,  railway  facilities,  and  the  courage,  pro- 
gressiveness  aud  enterprise  of  the  business  men.  The  wealth  of  the  city 
has  increased  during  the  year  about  $18,000,000. 

''In  the  way  of  public  improvements  Ogden  has  done  remarkably  well 
for  a  city  of  its  size.  Something  like  twenty  miles  of  asphalt  side-walks 
have  been  laid ;  two  systems  of  electric  lights  are  in  operation ;  two  sys- 
tems of  electric  railways  are  about  completed,  and  are  partly  in  opera- 
tion; they  together  constitute  about  thirty-five  miles  of  tracks.  The 
streets  have  been  macadamized  and  improved ;  a  sewerage  system  is  under 
construction,  and  will  be  ready  for  use  by  spring;  the  fire  department  is 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  Territory;  and  the  public  school  system  is  one  of 
which  the  people  can  well  feel  proud.  Ogden  is  the  seat  of  the  Utah 
Wesleyan  University.  ^ 

"The  city  is  well  supplied  with  churches,  built  in  modern  styles, 
which  are  located  in  desirable  places.  The  attendance  is  large  in  all  of 
them,  and  the  denominations  are:  Later-day  Saints,  Congregational, 
Methodist,  Baptist,  Episcopal,  Presbyterian  and  Catholic. 

"  As  to  railroads,  Ogden  is  the  terminus  of  three  main  trunk  lines, 
viz. :  the  Union  Pacific,  Southern  Pacific  and  Rio  Grande  Western  sys- 
tems, with  branches  belonging  to  the  former. 

"Civic  societies,  such  as  the  Masons,  Knights  of  Pythias,  Independ- 
ent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  Ancient  Order  United  Workmen.  Catholic 
Knights,  Patriotic  Order  Sons  of  America,  and  Royal  Arc'S.num,  are  in 
prosperous  and  healthy  condition.  The  city  is  well  supplied  with  news- 
papers, having  two  daily  with  an  equal  number  of  weekly  publications, 
as  well  as  others  conducted  by  certain  schools  and  churches. 

"Natural  gas  in  great  quantity  has  recently  been  struck  in  the  western 
suburbs  of  the  city,  and  already  the  enterprising  citizens  are  claiming  an 
increase  of  population  to  100,000,  within  the  next  five  years  with  wealth 
in  a  still  greater  ratio.  The  growth  of  all  the  towns  of  the  Territory,  while 
not  so  vigorous  as  that  of  Salt  Lake  City  and  Ogden,  was  very  satisfactory; 
of  many  of  them  it  was  extraordinary." 

Ogden  has  two  daily  papers — the  Standard  and  Post — the  former  edited 
by  Frank  J.  Cannon,  a  son  of  President  George  A.  Cannon,  of  the 
Mormon  Church,  and  recently  the  Republican  candidate  for  Delegate  to 
Congress ;  the  latter  by  A.  L.  Rhodes. 


UTAH  TERRITORY. 


107 


BANKS  AND  BANKING. 

The  following  statement  of  business  of  the  banks  of  the  Territory, 
made  on  the  30tli  of  June  last,  is  official : 


NAU£. 


Brigham  City— 
Bank  of  Brigham,  branch  Ogden,  Utah, 

L.  &T.  Co ^ 

Bank  of  Spanish  Fork 

CORINNE— 

J.  W.  Guthrie 

Davis  County  Bank 

Kaysville — 

Barnes  Banking  Co 

Lehi— 

Commercial  &  Savings  Bank 

Logan—  ~ 

Thatcher  Bros.  Banking  Co 

Manti  — 

Manti  City  Savings  Bank 

Mt.  Pleasant— 

Mt.  Pleasant  Commercial  &  Savings  Bank 
Nephi— 

Savings  Bank  &  Trust  Co 

First  National  Bank 

Ogden— 

Ogden  State  Bank 

Commercial  National  Bank 

First  National  Hank 

Utah  National  Bank 

Citizens'  Bank 

Ogden  Savings  Bank 

Utah  Loan  &  Trust  Co.'s  Bank 

Park  City— 

Park  City  Bank 

Payson— 

Exchange  &  Savings  Bank 

Provo— 

Commercial  &  Savings  Bank 

First  National  Bank 

National  Bank  of  Commerce 

Utah  County  Savings  Bank 

Richfield— 

James  M.  Peterson 

Sprinoville— 

Springville  Banking  Co 

Salt  Lake  City— 

American  National  Bank 

Commercial  National  Bank 

Deseret  National  Bank ,' 

National  Bank  of  the  Republic 

Union  National  Bunk 

Bank  of  Commerce 

State  Bank  of  Utah 

Deseret  Savings  Bank 

Zion's  Saving  Bank  A:  Trust  Co 

Salt  Lake  Valley  I^oan  &  Trust  Co 

Utah  Title,  Ins.  &  Trust  Co.  Savings  Bank 

Wells,  Fargo  &  Co 

W.  S.  McCormick  &  Co 

T.  R.  Jones  &  Co 

Utah  Commercial  &  Savings  Bank 

Utah  National  Bank 


Total , 


Capital. 


$     25,000.00 


55,000.00 
25,000.00 


150,000.00 
25,000.00 


50,000.00 
80,000.00 

138,000.00 
150,000.00 

75,000.00 
200,000.00 
145,290.00 

75,000.00 
200,000.00 

50,000.00 

25,000.00 

75,000.00 
50,000.00 
53,654.28 
50,000.00 

20,000.00 


265,000.00 
330,000.00 
500,000.00 
505,000.00 
440,000.00 
100,000.00 
500,000.00 
100,000.00 
127,287.00 


1892. 


$  85,000.00 
19,425.00 

50,000.00 
11,706.50 

25,000.00 

49,000.00 

150,000.00 

25,000.00 


160,000.00 
200,000.00 


200,000.00 
200,000.00 


50,000.00 
50,000.00 

125,000.00 
150,000.00 
150,000.00 
100,000.00 
150,000.00 
75,000.00 
215,000.00 

50,000.00 

30,200.00 

75,000.00 
50.000.00 
50,000.00 
50,000.00 

20,000.00 

50,000.00 

250.000.00 
310,000.00 
500,000.00 
500,000.00 
445,000.00 
lOO.OOO.Ott 
500,000.00 
100,000.00 
400,000.00 
200,000.00 
150,000.00 
200,000.00 
200,000.00 


200,000.00 
200.000.00 


$5,148,231.78  $5,910,331.50 


Deposits. 


1891. 


$     61,275.48 


20,000.00 
25,367.15 


162,821.21 
78,396.07 


48,184,46 
117,861.24 

105,000.00 
230,000.00 
191,295.00 
32,5,000.00 
113,864.52 
177,365.41 
91,033.30 

88,127.06 

26,443.14 

68,066,00 
57,553.47 
27,230.% 
52,553.67 

22,660.65 


296,222.58 
334,469.82 
Ml,073.00 
331,488.44 
908,834.17 
162,948.89 
250.286.31 
424,941.23 
927,596.46 


77.725.64 
1,324,940.63 


240,272.00 
150,235.47 


61.324.15 
10,550.79 

65,000.00 
5,423.26 

43,045.76 

46,832.62 

193,658.00 

112,328.17 


43,625.50 
113,330.74 

145,000.00 
233,3O2.0<T 
396.467.52 
300,000.00 
232,873.50 
217,229.45 
108,437.09 

155,022.04 

59,781.62 

75.015.00 
43.5(;3.00 
27,755.58 
50,000.00 

26,286.00 

29.583.09 

404,423.41 
459,767.81 

1,15».200.64 
332,785.00 
847,408.50 
2()0,2a).40 
422,948.30 
557,886.50 

1,033,496.24 


151,220.65 
1,3.^0,980.06 
1,200,000.00 
330.013.11 
333.500.44 
290,445.24 


$8,355,584.39  $11,913,750.17 


*New  bank.       fReceive  no  deposits.  ' 

Increase  in  bank  capital,  16.7  per  cent ;  increase  in  deposits,  42.1  per  cent. 


108  UTAH  TERBITOHY. 


PUBLIC  BUILDINGS. 

The  Capitol  building  erected  in  Fillmore  many  years  ago  is  now 
occupied  by  the  public  schools  of  that  city. 

The  new  buildings  erected  at  the  penitentiary  grounds  are  now  in  use 
and  seem  to  be  adequate  to  the  wants  of  the  institution. 

The  Industrial  Home  is  under  the  control  of  the  Utah  Commission, 
who  are  required  by  law  to  make  an  annual  report  to  Congress. 

At  the  last  session  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  $40,000  was  appro- 
priated for  the  maintenance  of  the  Reform  School  for  the  years  1892  and 
1893,  and  |50,000  for  new  buildings. 

It  is  reported  that  the  growth  of  the  Agricultural  Cc^ege  exceeds  that 
of  any  like  institution  in  the  West.  The  Legislature  appropriated  $65,000 
to  complete  the  buildings  in  accordance  with  the  plans  originally  adopted. 
There  is  now  in  attendance  some  225  pupils,  from  eight  States  and 
Territories. 

The  Territorial  Capitol  site  consists  of  20  acres  on  the  North  Bench, 
head  of  First  East  Temple  Street,  Salt  Lake.  A  building  to  cost  $3,000,000 
is  contemplated.  The  Capitol  Commission  have  provided  water,  fenced 
the  ground,  and  put  out  trees.  The  last  legislature  appropriated  $10,000 
for  the  care  and  improvement  of  the  grounds.  The  erection  of  the  build- 
ing was  laid  on  the  table. 

The  Insane  Asylum  is  at  Provo.  The  building  has  cost  $288,000,  and 
ranks  in  completeness  with  any  in  the  country. 

Ogden  has  erected  a  new  and  spacious  City  Hall,  and  Salt  Lake  City 
and  County  are  jointly  engaged  in  the  construction  of  a  City  Hall  and 
Court  House  combined,  to  cost  $300,000. 

A  branch  of  the  Keeley  Institute  was  established  in  Salt  Lake  City  on 
January  10,  1892,  with  a  corps  of  physicians.  Temporary  quarters  have 
been  secured  in  the  famed  "Gardo  House,"  but  the  Company  announces 
that  it  will  soon  have  a  building  of  its  own  to  cost  $50,000. 

ATTRACTIONS. 

Salt  Lake  City. — Among  pleasure  resorts  in  Utah,  Salt  Lake  City 
ranks  first.  Laid  out  on  the  alluvial  cone  of  a  mountain  stream  which 
tips  it  gently  up  toward  the  setting  winter  sun;  sheltered  on  the  east  and 
north  by  the  towering  Wasatch;  with  the  beautifulJordan  Valley  unrolled 
in  its  front  and  Great  Salt  Lake  within  cannon  shot;  its  spacious  streets 
bordered  by  trees  and  singing  brooks,  and  far  enough  apart  to  give  ample 
room  for  buildings,  gardens,  orchards,  and  ornamental  grounds;  enjoying 
the  most  agreeable  and  healthful  climate  of  perhaps  any  large  town  in  the 
United  States,  with  ample  hotel   accomodations,  electric-lighted  streets 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  109 

and  houses,  good  water,  street  cars  propelled  by  electricity,  thermal 
springs,  a  cheap  and  abundant  market,  churches  of  the  principal  denomi- 
nations and  good  schools,  live  newspapers,  telegraph  lines  and  railroads 
and  telephones,  public  parks,  libraries,  theatres,  hospitals,  fine  drives  and 
fine  stock,  trout  fishing  in  the  adjacent  cafions  and  duck  shooting  within 
easy  reach;  withal  the  Mormon  Temple  and  Tabernacle,  the  Deseret  Mu- 
seum and  Salt  Lake  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  the  certainty  that  the 
town  is  to  double  in  wealth  and  population  in  the  next  five  years — such  is 
in  few  words  Salt  Lake  City. 

From  the  city  one  can  visit  Great  Salt  Lake,  the  Cottonwood  mines, 
the  Cottonwood  lakes,  the  Bingham  mines,  the  Tintic  and  the  Stockton 
mines;  the  Park  City  and  the  American  Fork  mines,  and  return  the  same 
day  if  he  chooses.  The  Warm  Springs  are  piped  into  the  heart  of  the  city 
and  poured  perpetually  through  a  great  swimming  pool,  piping  hot.  The 
Hot  Springs  are  ten  minutes  out  by  rail.  Great  Salt  Lake  is  reached  on 
the  south  and  the  east  shore — at  Garfield  and  Lake  Park — in  twenty  miles. 
The  mining  town  of  Alta,  in  Little  Cottonwood,  is  twenty-five  miles  out, 
whence  an  hour  or  two  on  horse-back  brings  one  to  the  Big  Cotton- 
wood lakes,  to  the  American  Fork  mines,  to  Parley's  Park  and  J.*aik  City. 
Bingham  is  the  same  distance  from  the  city  by  rail  as  Alta;  Tintic  and 
Stockton  twice  as  far.  American  Fork  Cafion  is  taken  by  wagon  from  the 
town  of  that  name,  thirty-two  miles  south  of  the  city.  An  interesting 
point  three  miles  from  Main  Street  is  Fort  Douglas,  a  well  built,  full  regi- 
ment post,  on  the  east  and  500  feet  above  the  city.  The  post  and  grounds 
are  laid  out  with  taste,  water  from  Red  Butte  Cafion  making  cultivation 
possible.  The  elevation  affords  a  fine  view  of  valley,  city,  and  lake. 
The  latter  lies  a  blue  band  along  the  base  of  island  mountains  in  the  north 
west,  the  vistas  between  which  are  closed  by  mountains  behind  moun- 
tains. In  the  north  the  Promotory  divides  the  waters.  Across  Jordan 
Valley  the  horizon  rests  on  the  snow-caps  of  the  Oquirrh.  On  the  south  the 
opposing  mountains  clasp  hands,  shutting  in  the  valley  in  that  direction. 
Amongst  the  most  attractive  objects  in  the  city  are  the  Tabernacle — 
built  for  use,  not  grace— with  a  seating  capacity  of  10,000,  and  a  fine  organ ; 
the  granite  Temple,  100  by  200  feet  on  the  ground,  and  100  feet  to  the  base 
of  the  towers  completed  externally  and  to  be  finished  internally  by  April 
next ;  the  Salt  Lake  Museum,  a  valuable  collection  of  Utah  minerals  and 
antiquities;  Salt  Lake  Chamber  of  Commerce,  containing  many  of  the 
products  of  the  farms,  the  gardens,  the  mines,  mills  and  factories  of  the 
Territory;  the  Exposition  building;  the  Eagle  gate,  built  by  Brigham 
Young;  the  Hot  Springs  and  the  Warm  Springs,  with  all  kinds  of 
baths  and  conveniences;  the  tower  on  Prospect  Hill,  Liberty  Park,  the 
boulevard,  the  farms,  gardens,  orchards,  and  meadows  in  the  suburbs. 
There  are  good  public  buildings  and  many  noble  residences,  with  well- 
kept  grounds.  Steam  cars  and  street  cars  run  hourly  to  Fort  Douglas 
and  the  nearest  caflons;  also  to  the  Hot  Springs,  and  steam  cars  to  Great 
Salt  Lake,  and  to  Park  City  via  Parley's  Cafion.  The  city  has  ever  in 
view  the  magnificent  chain  of  the  Wasatch,  which  rises  abruptly  to  a 
height  of  8,000  feet  above  the  valley,  with  no  foot-hills  to  dwarf  their  pro- 
portions.     Much  of  the  year  they  are  white  with  snow.      In  the  autumn 


110  Utaji  territory. 

they  wear  all  the  colors  of  the  rainbow  in  succession,  as  their  grasses  and 
shrubs  are  touched  more  severely  by  the  frosts.  In  the  spring  their  lower 
slopes  take  on  a  shade  of  green.  On  northern  exposures  they  are  dark 
with  pines.  Their  general  sumnier  hue  is  gray,  although  their  light  and 
shade  and  color  are  as  changeable  as  the  winds  that  play  about  their 
craggy  crests,  invade  their  recesses,  and  in  their  untu'ing  movements  have 
chiseled  gorges  in  the  solid  rock  thousands  of  feet  deep,  giving  infinite 
variety  of  profile  and  contour.  The  geologists  tell  us  that  as  the  Wasatch 
and  the  Uintahs  were  raised  up  out  of  the  seas,  ten  miles  were  removed 
from  their  rising  crests  by  erosion.  The  Wasatch  are  seen  to  the  best 
advantage  from  Salt  Lake  City.  The  Twin  Peaks,  overshadowing  Jordan 
Valley,  have  an  absolute  altitude  of  12,000  feet,  and  the  peak  further  south 
is  500  feet  higher  still. 

Mineral  Springs.— Of  the  chemical  and  thermal,  salt,  sulphur,  soda 
and  chalybeate  springs,  which  occur  in  different  parts  of  Utah,  the  Warm 
Springs  and  the  Hot  Springs  in  the  suburbs  of  Salt  Lake,  and  the  Utah 
Hot  Springs  ten  miles  north  of  Ogden,  are  best  known,  best  improved  and 
most  resorted  to  for  recreation.  Of  the  Warm  Springs,  Dr.  Jackson,  of 
Boston,  says  the  water  is  a  Harrowgate  water,  abounding  in  sulphur.  It 
is  very  limpid,  has  a  strong  smell  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  and  contains 
the  gas,  both  absorbed  in  the  water  and  combined  with  mineral  bases.  It 
is  slightly  charged  with  hydro-sulphuric  acid  gas^  and  is  a  pleasant  saline 
mineral  water,  having  the  valuable  properties  belonging  to  saline  sulphur 
springs.  Issuing  from  under  the  mountain  in  large  volume — temperature 
95°  to  104° — the  water  is  conveyed  in  pipes  into  two  or  three  bathing 
houses,  containing  plunge,  shower,  and  tub  baths,  and  dressing  and  wait- 
ing rooms.  The  property  is  owned  by  the  city,  but  is  under  lease  for  a 
term  of  years  to  parties  who  are  bound  by  the  terms  of  the  lease  to  make 
extensive  improvements,  and  who  are  doing  so  at  this  writing.  The  cars 
(propelled  by  electricity)  run  out  there,  and  the  springs  are  visited  by 
everybody,  the  water  being  considered  efiicacious  in  the  alleviation  or 
cure  of  paralytic,  rheumatic,  scrofulous,  and  other  diseases. 

The  Hot  Springs  are  further  out — about  four  miles  from  the  post- 
office.  The  water  boils  out  from  under  the  massive  rock  foundation  of 
the  mountains  in  such  volume  as  to  be  the  cause  of  a  lake  covering  1,200 
acres.  The  temperature  is  128°  and  the  sulphurous  fumes  fairly 
stifling.  The  water  is  \ery  similar  to  that  of  the  Warm  Springs,  yet  bears 
an  even  higher  repute.  It  is  alleged  to  exceed  in  curative  properties  that 
of  the  Hot  Springs  of  Arkansas.  There  are  all  kinds  of  conveniences  for 
bathing — hot,  cold,  tepid,  single,  double,  and  swimming  or  plunge  baths 
— and  limited  boarding  accommodations  for  visitors.  The  proprietors 
are  constantly  improving  the  place.  There  is  no  use  in  wasting  words 
on  these  springs.  They  are  convenient  to  the  town,  and  can  easily  be 
tested.  Indeed,  as  has  been  said,  they  are  piped  into  an  immense  nata- 
torium  on  West  Tempfe  Street  within  half  a  block  of  the  Continental 
Hotel.  The  company  which  did  this  contemplate  piping  the  waters  of  the 
Great  Salt  Lake  into  the  city  for  another  natatorium. 

Utah  Hot  Springs.— What  were  long  known  as  the  Red  Springs, 
ten  miles  north  of  Ogden,  are  hot  water  so  impregnated  with  iron  as  to 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  Ill 

kill  the  vegetation  over  a  large  area  and  color  the  ground  red.  A  large 
building  for  the  use  of  these  springs  in  any  way  experience  may  suggest, 
chietly  at  present  for  bathing,  was  erected  in  1878.  This  has  since  been 
supplemented  by  other  improvements  until  the  Utah  Hot  Springs,  as  they 
are  now  called,  are  the  best  equipped  of  any  in  the  West.  The  waters 
pour  forth  in  great  volume  from  crevices  in  the  rocks,  at  a  temperature  of 
125°,  and  contain  such  ingredients  as  chloride  of  sodium,  iron,  magnesia, 
and  nitre,  in  strong  solution.  For  years  the  waters  of  these  springs  have 
been  known  to  possess  peculiar  medicinal  properties.  In  eafly  days  the 
people  for  miles  around  would  come  and  carry  away  the  water  in  barrels 
and  casks,  and  it  would  be  used  as  a  blood  purifier. 

For  rheumatic  and  some  kidney  troubles,  nothing  can~surpass  the 
waters  of  the  Utah  Hot  Springs.  Men  of  eminence  who  have  personally 
tested  them  have  said  to  the  writer,  that  if  the  remedial  effects  of  the  use 
of  these  waters  in  rheumatism  could  be  made  thoroughly  and  widely 
known,  people  would  visit  them  by  train  loads  from  all  over  the  United 
States.  Although  the  water  is  quite  salt,  the  mixture  of  other  mineral 
solutions  it  contains  makes  it  drinkable,  and  it  is  used  internally  with 
advantage.  The  springs  are  a  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  line  from  Utah 
to  Montana,  and  trains  pass  up  and  down  every  day,  making  them  easy  of 
access.  A  motor  street  railway  connects  them  with  Ogden,  and  upon  this 
trains  run  hourly  or  of  tener. 

Further  north,  twelve  miles  from  Bear  River  Cafion,  is  a  group  of 
springs  issuing  from  between  strata  of  conglomerate  and  limestone, 
within  a  few  feet  of  each  other,  of  which  one  is  a  hot  sulphur,  a  second 
warm  salt,  and  the  third  cool  drinkable  water.  The  volume  from  these 
springs  is  copious,  but  they  run  some  distance  before  they  become  thor- 
oughly mixed,  although  in  the  same  channel. 

Hotel  Accommodations.— These  in  Salt  Lake  City  were  regarded  as 
fairly  good  and  ample,  before  the  Templeton,  Knutsford,  Morgan,  Union 
Pacific,  costing  together  nearly  $1,000,000,  were  added.  Besides  these, 
a  number  of  buildings  were  built  for  or  transformed  into  boarding  houses, 
and  the  upper  floors  of  others  for  lodgers.  In  this  list  should  not  be  over- 
looked the  once  noted  Continental,  formerly  Townsend  House,  the  first 
hotel  of  the  first  rank  in  the  city;  it  is  to  be  demolished  and  a 
great  structure  take  its  place.  There  are  a  half  dozen  iirst-class  hotels 
in  the  city,  and  as  many  more  called  second-class,  but  whose  rooms, 
furnishing  and  tables  are  second  to  the  first-class  only  in  prices,  and 
perhaps  in  style.  Ogden  has  added  to  the  Broom,  the  Reed  Hotel— a 
fine  large  house,  first-class  in  all  its  appointments.  Provo,  Payson,  Logan, 
and  other  to\\Ti8  of  their  class,  have  comfortable  houses  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  visitors. 

Great  Salt  Lakk.— The  first  mention  of  Great  Salt  Lake  was  by  the 
Baron  La  Hontan,  in  1689,  who  gathered  from  the  Western  Indians  some 
vague  notions  of  its  existence.  He  romanced  at  length  of  the  Tahuglauk, 
numerous  as  the  leaves  of  the  trees,  dwelling  on  its  fertile  shores  and 
navigating  it  in  large  craft.  Captain  Bonneville  sent  a  party  from  Green 
River  in  1833  to  make  Its  circuit,  but  they  gave  it  up  on  striking  the 


112  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

desert  west  of  the  lake,  lost  their  way,  and  after  a  devious  pilgrimage 
found  themselves  at  last  in  Lower  California.  Until  Colonel  Fremont 
visited  the  lake  in  1S42,  on  his  way  to  Oregon,  it  is  probable  that  its  heavy 
briny  waters  had  never  been  disturbed  or  the  solemn  quiet  of  its  moun- 
tain-islands broken  by  man.  He  pulled  out  from  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Weber  River  in  a  rubber  boat  eighteen  feet  long  for  the  nearest  island, 
which,  when  he  had  climbed  and  found  a  mere  rock,  as  he  says,  fourteen 
miles  in  circuit,  he  named  it  '-'  Disappointment  Island."  Captain  Stans- 
bury  afterward  rechristened  it  "Fremont  Island,"  and  such  it  is  called. 
He  found  neither  timber  nor  water  on  it,  but  luxuriant  grasses,  wild  onions, 
parsnips  and  sego.  Near  the  summit  the  sagebrush  were  eight  feet  high 
and  six  or  eight  inches  in  diameter. 

In  the  early  spring  of  1850  Captain  Stansbury  spent  three  months  in 
making  a  detailed  survey  of  the  shores  of  the  lake  and  its  islands.  He 
found  the  western  shore  a  salt  encrusted  desert,  in  traversing  which  his 
men  more  than  once  well  nigh  perished  for  want  of  water;  the  northern 
shore  composed  of  wide  salt  marshes  overflown  under  steady  southern 
winds ;  the  Promontory  Range,  projecting  thirty  miles  into  the  lake  from 
the  north,  having  many  sweet  water  springs  around  its  base,  and  a  good 
range  (now  covered  with  flocks  and  herds)  ;  the  southern  shore  set  with 
mountain  ranges,  standing  endwise  to  the  lake,  with  grassy  valleys  in- 
tervening—  Spring,  Tooele  and  Jordan;  the  eastern  shore  fair  irrigable 
land.  The  latter  was  then  already  sprinkled  with  infant  settlements,  and 
was  producing  fifty  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre.  Almost  eveiy where 
land  and  water  were  divided  by  mud  flats,  across  which  they  were  for- 
ever dragging  their  boats  and  packing  their  baggage. 

The  principal  islands  are  Antelope  and  Stansbury,  rocky  ridges,  rang- 
ing north  and  south,  rising  abruptly  from  the  lake  to  an  altitude  of  3,000 
feet.  Antelope  is  the  nearest  to  Salt  Lake  City,  and  is  sixteen  miles  long. 
Stansbury  is  twenty  miles  to  the  westward  of  Antelope,  and  twelve  miles 
long.  Both  at  that  time  were  accessable  from  the  southern  shore  by  wag- 
on. Both  have  springs  of  sweet  water,  and  good  grass  for  stock.  The 
view  from  the  summit  of  Antelope  is  described  as  "  grand  and  magnificent, 
embracing  the  whole  lake,  the  islands  and  the  encircling  mountains,  cov- 
ered with  snow  —  a  superb  picture  set  in  a  frame-work  of  silver."  Men- 
tion is  made  of  the  scenery  on  the  eastern  side  of  Stansbury.  "Peak 
towers  above  peak,  and  cliff  beyond  cliff,  in  lofty  magnificence,  while, 
crowning  the  summit,  the  '  dome '  frowns  in  gloomy  solitude  upon  the 
varied  scene  of  bright  waters,  scattered  verdure,  and  boundless  plains 
(western  shore)  of  arid  desolation  below."  Descending  one  day  from  the 
"dome,"  the  gorge,  at  first  almost  shut  up  between  perpendicular  cliffs 
of  white  sandstone,  opened  out  into  a  superb  wide  and  gently  sloping 
valley,  sheltered  on  each  side  to  the  very  water's  §dge  by  beetling  cliffs, 
effectually  protected  from  all  winds,  except  on  the  east,  and  covered  with 
a  most  luxuriant  growth  of  bunch-grass.  Near  the  shore  were  abundant 
springs  of  pure  soft  water,  probably  covered  by  the  lake  now.  There 
was  no  sweet  water  on  the  western  side  of  the  island.  Of  miner  islands 
there  are  Fremont,  Carrington,  Gunnison,  Dolphin,  Mud,  Egg,  Hat,  and 


UTAH  TEKKITOKY.  113 

several  islets  without  names.  With  the  ranges  enclosing  the  valley  they 
present  water-marks  at  different  heights,  one  principal  one,  1,000  feet 
above  the  present  lake  level,  indicating  a  comparatively  recent  receding  of 
the  Waters,  either  from  change  of  climate  or  of  the  relative  level  tf  the 
mountains  and  the  basin. 

Nothing  (in  the  popular  sense)  lives  in  the  water,  although  a  species 
of  shrimp,  quite  nutritive  and  abundant,  have  lately  been  discovered ;  but 
aquatic  birds  cover  the  shores  and  islands  in  the  breeding  season,  carrying 
their  food  from  the  fresh  water  streams  that  feed  the  lake,  or  feeding  on  the 
larvae  of  diptera,  which  accumulate  in  windrows  on  or  near  the  water's  edge. 
Captain  Stansbury  navigated  and  examined  the  lake  thoroughly,  and  was 
often,  he  says,  oppressed  by  its  solitude.  The  lake  covers  an  area  of  about 
2,100  square  miles,  and  has  an  absolute  altitude  of  about  4,250  feet.  Its 
mean  depth  is  about  fifteen  feet ;  the  deepest  place — between  Antelope  and 
Stansbury — is  said  to  be  sixty  feet.  The  water  is  of  a  beautiful  aqua-marine 
hue.  and  so  clear,  when  still,  that  the  bottom  can  be  seen  through  four  fath- 
oms. The  two  principal  islands  were  accessible  from  the  southern  shore 
when  the  valley  was  first  settled,  and  the  lake  then  had  an  area  of  but  1,700 
square  miles.  After  the  settlement  the  water  gradually  grew  deeper, 
until  the  storm  line  was  eight  or  ten  feet  higher  than  before  settlement. 
Of  course  it  encroached  upon  the  flat  shores  and  increased  its  area  more 
than  fifty  per  cent.  In  recent  years  it  has  gradually  become  shallower 
again,  until  now  it  is  but  four  or  five  feet  deeper  than  in  1847.  Beach 
marks  on  the  mountain  show  that  the  lake  has  been  a  thousand  feet  deeper 
than  it  is  now,  and  it  was  then  about  ten  times  as  large  as  it  is  now.  Twice, 
Mr.  Gilbert  says,  has  it  been  at  this  high  stage,  and  possibly  it  may  be 
again,  but  hardly  in  our  time.  That  lake,  as  big  as  Lake  Huron,  is 
called  Lake  Bonneville.  Receiving  fresh  water  constantly  and  having  no 
outlet,  the  water  has  become  dense  and  salt.  The  ocean  has  about  3..") 
per  cent  of  solid  matter;  Great  Salt  Lake  has  14  to  17  per  ce»t';  the  Dead 
Sea,  of  Asia,  24  percent.  The  solid  matter  varies  somewhat  in  propor- 
tion with  the  seasons,  and  with  dry  and  wet  years,  but  the  lange  is 
probably  fairly  stated  above,  14 — 17.  Captain  Gilbert  estimates  the  evap- 
oration from  the  lake  every  summer  at  eighty  inches.  Since  about  seven- 
teen inches  falls  upon  its  surface,  the  streams  must  carry  in  upwards  of 
five  feet.  ' 

Within  the  past  fifteen  years  the  lake  has  steadily  grown  in  interest  as 
a  watering  place.  In  the  long  sunny  days  of  summer  the  water  becomes 
very  warm.  It  is  so  dense  that  it  sustains  a  human  body  without  effort. 
All  one  has  to  do  is  to  keep  it  outside  of  him;  and  to  swim,  one  has  only 
to  make  the  proper  motions.  A  more  exhilarating  exercise  than  buffet- 
ting  the  waves,  when  roughened  by  the  wind,  it  would  be  hard  to  imag- 
ine, for  one  must  keep  it  entirely  out  of  bim  if  he  would  not  be  seriously 
distressed,  perhaps  disabled.  This  bathing  is  irresisibly  attractive.  Be- 
tween the  stimulating  effect  on  the  skin,  the  saline  air,  and  the  play  of  the 
muscles  of  every  part  of  the  body  involved  in  swimming,  one  exercises  and 
rests  at  the  same  time.  It  seems  to  be  invigorating,  tonic,  healing,  health- 
giving,  strength-renewing.  The  accommodations  are  excellent,  so  far  as 
they  go;  300  additional  bathing  houses  are  now  going  up  at  Garfield,  and 


114  UTAH  TEKKITORY. 

much  expense  has  been  incurred  to  make  the  bathing  resorts  pleasant, 
Dancing  pavilions  have  been  built  out  on  piles  over  the  water,  and  here, 
during  the  season  —  May  15  to  September  15  —  bands  are  always  playing. 
U  people  don't  want  to  wet  themselves,  or  to  watch  the  amphibians  dis- 
porting in  the  water  (which  is  a  sort  of  "  temple  of  truth"),  they  can 
waltz.  There  are  restaurants,  bars,  play-grounds,  booths,  games.  Boat- 
ing clubs  have  been  organized,  and  at  a  regatta  in  1888  a  mile  and  a  half 
With  a  turn  was  made  in  eight  minutes  and  thirty-six  seconds,  beating  the 
record  by  thirty-four  seconds.  The  bathing  resorts  are  favorite  places 
for  celebrations,  banquets,  and  holiday  observance.  But  we  will  let  Mr. 
Jones's  "  Salt  Lake  City,"  picture  Garfield  Beach  at  length. 

Garfield  Beach.— The  nearest  point  to  the  lake  from  Salt  Lake  City 
is  about  ten  miles  distant,  but  it  is  almost  inaccessible  on  account  of  the 
boggy  character  of  the  ground.  Twenty  miles  from  the  city  is  the  great 
resort  known  as  Garfield  Beach,  reached  by  the  Union  Pacific  Railway, 
and  here  the  shore  is  sandy  and  wholesome,  abounding  in  fine  retreating 
bays  that  seem  to  have  been  made  on  purpose  for  bathing. 

Here  the  northern  peaks  of  the  Oquirrh  Range  plant  their  feet  in  the 
clear  blue  brine,  with  fine  curving  insteps,  leaving  no  space  for  muddy 
levels.  The  crystal  brightness  of  the  water,  the  wild  flowers  and  lovely 
mountain  scenery,  make  this  a  favorite  summer  resort  for  pleasure  and 
health  seekers.  Numerous  excursion  trains  run  from  the  city,  and  par- 
ties, some  of  them  numbering  upward  of  a  thousand,  go  to  bathe,  and 
dance,  and  roam  the  flowery  hillsides  together.  The  railroad  carried 
100,000  persons  to  this  resort  last  season.  The  hotel  and  bath  houses 
which  form  the  principal  improvements  of  the  place  cost  upwards  of 
$100,000,  and  are  located  on  a  beautiful  sandy  beach.  The  station  is  a  build- 
ing 350x50  feet  and  twenty-five  feet  high,  furnished  with  an  excellent 
dining  ball,  lunch  counter,  bathing  suit  office,  and  an  open  waiting  room, 
situated  about  thirty-five  feet  above  the  water,  giving  an  extensive  view 
of  the  lake,  and  a  full  view  of  the  pavilion  and  bathing  below,  while  af- 
fording perfect  enjoyment  of  the  cool  breezes  from  the  water,  and  protec- 
tion from  the  sun.  The  tower  in  the  center  of  the  building  has  a  second 
story  with  an  observatory,  where  a  still  better  view  can  be  obtained. 
Across  the  track  is  the  bowery,  a  commodious  building,  where  people  can 
eat  their  lunch  and  enjoy  themselves  generally.  Near  by  are  the  games 
and  shooting  gallery,  and  farther  off  the  race  track  and  ball  grounds. 
Two  broad  stairways  lead  down  from  the  station  to  the  promenade,  on 
either  side  of  which  are  300  bath-houses,  each  six  by  eight  feet,  furnished 
with  wash-stands,  shower-baths,  mirrors,  etc.  From  the  bath-house 
platform,  stairs  lead  down  to  the  water  resting  on  a  beautiful  clean  sandy 
bottom,  and  gradually  deepening  till  beyond  the  pavilion  the  depth  is 
sufficient  to  suit  the  most  exaoling.  The  promenade  is  about  fifteen  feet 
wide  and  300  feet  long,  leading  from  the  stairs  at  the  foot  of  the  station 
out  over  the  water;  it  has  three  towers,  is  open  all  around,  has  a  waxed 
floor  for  dancing,  has  innumerable  chairs  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
public  who  'wish  to  sit  and  enjoy  the  cool  breezes  and  watch  the  bathers 
and  dancers.    Beneath  the  pavilion  and  connected  with  it  by  a  stairway 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  115 

is  the  steamboat  landing,  where  for  twenty-five  cents  a  ride  on  the  lake 
can  be  obtained.  Near  the  landing  is  the  boat-floor,  where  all  sorts  of 
boats  can  be  hired.  When  the  lake  is  calm  the  bathers  can  stretch  out  on 
their  backs  and  lie  as  motionless  as  logs  upon  the  water,  and  even  go  to 
sleep  floating*  around  lazily,  sometimes  spending  hours  there  without 
danger;  but  when  a  storm  is  on  the  lake,  then  the  breakers  roll  in  at  Gar- 
field, foaming,  boiling  and  pounding  on  the  shore;  then  the  strongest 
bather  can  have  all  the  battling  with  the  breakers  that  he  wants,  and 
more  than  he  wants,  for  the  waves  come  in  from  the  deepest  part  of  the 
lake  with  a  sweep  of  seventy-five  miles  before  they  break  upon  the  shore. 

Within  what  appears  to  be  a  stone's  throw  from  the  station  rise  the 
lofty  Oquirrh  Mountains  to  a  height  of  nearly  a  mile  above  the  lake;  the 
tall  trees  near  their  summits  look  like  brush,  and  the  patches  of  snow  still 
lingering  in  the  hollows  are  in  strange  contrast  with  the  crowds  of  people 
cooling  off  in  the  warm  waters  of  the  lake  below.  Suppose  we  take  a 
climb  up  the  mountain  to  see  what  we  can  see.  Leaving  the  bathers  to 
enjoy  themselves  we  start  out  for  the  mountains,  thinking  to  reach  the 
base  in  a  minute  or  two  and  to  reach  the  top  in  an  hour.  We  aie  ten 
minutes  in  getting  to  the  base  of  the  mountain,  and  as  we  turn  to  look  at 
the  station  we  find  it  has  grown  quite  small,  and  we  are  at  least  100  feet 
above  it;  then  we  climb  a  few  minutes  and  get  out  of  breath,  when  sitting 
down  we  enjoy  the  increasingly  beautiful  views ;  perhaps  in  half  an  hour 
we  get  up  to  what  from  below  seems  a  roadway  along  the  mountain,  but 
it  turns  out  to  be  one  of  the  old  beaches  of  the  lake;  it  is  almost  level, 
from  thirty  to  100  feet  wide,  and  as  smooth  and  even  as  though  it  w^ere  a 
railroad  grade  just  finished;  we  could  walk  along  this  for  miles  and  find 
places  where  it  is  300  feet  wide ;  near  by  we  find  a  large  cave  which  was 
beaten  out  of  the  rocks  by  the  waves  of  the  old  lake.  It  is  thirty  or  forty 
feet  deep  and  ten  to  fifteen  feet  high ;  here  we  stop  for  rest,  for  the  climb 
is  very  tiresome.  Sitting  on  a  projecting  point  of  the  rocks  we  look  down 
upon  Garfield,  now  reduced  to  a  mere  toy,  the  music  of  the  band  playing 
for  the  dancers  floats  up  to  us  in  far  away  tones;  the  throngs  of  people 
swarming  around  the  buildings  are  reduced  to  diminutive  proportions, 
and  the  heavily  loaded  train  just  coming  in  pufling  and  whistling  adds 
still  another  thousand  to  the  crowds  already  there.  Before  us  lies  the 
lake  in  all  its  beauty,  with  its  many  islands  plainly  visible  even  to  the 
farther  shore,  and  all  the  mountain  ranges  for  many  miles  on  all  sides 
stand  out  in  bold  relief.  About  us  are  strange  and  beautiful  flowers  in 
great  variety.  The  setting  sun  reminds  us  that  our  time  is  spent,  and  as 
we  look  up  the  mountain  we  seem  scarcely  to  have  begun  to  climb  it,  so 
we  return  to  the  station  and  are  soon  speeding  along  in  the  twilight  to 
the  city. 

Garfield  Beach  received  its  name  some  dozen  years  ^go,  from  a  second 
notable  visit  to  Utah  of  our  martyred  President,  who  was,  it  is  said,  first 
nominated  to  the  lirst  presidential  ofl[lce  by  a  party  of  gentlemen  and  ladies 
with  whom  he  was  making  a  trip  on  the  lake  on  board  the  "City  of  Cor- 
inne,"  and  which  was  changed  to '^General  Garfield"  in  further  commem- 
oration of  his  visit.      During  the  hot  months  cheap  trains  leave  for  the 


116  UTAH  TERKITORY. 

bathing  grounds  daily  at  the  close  of  business.  The  run  is  made  in  thirty 
minutes,  and  the  excursion,  aside  from  the  bathing,  is  pleasant.  Some 
day  this  shore  will  be  built  up  with  private  watering  place  cottages,  plen- 
tifully interspersed  with  large,  airy  hotels,  with  water  and  trees  for 
grounds,  and  it  will  be  thronged  in  the  bathing  season  as  no  ordinary  sea- 
side resort  ever  is,  for  it  offers  unparalleled  attractions  in  the  way  of  rest, 
comfort,  saline  air,  and  the  most  delightful  and  invigorating  exercise, 
calling  into  play  all  the  muscles;  never  tiring,  the  water  is  so  buoyant; 
never  chilling,  it  is  so  warm;  recreating  and  invigorating;  an  incompar- 
able tonic. 

Excursions. — From  Salt  Lake  City  there  are  numerous  trips  taken 
by  tourists  over  the  Union  Pacific  System,  into  Idaho,  Oregon,  Washing- 
ton, and  to  the  wonderful  Yellowstone  Park.  Nowhere  on  the  globe  is 
there  to  be  found  such  a  variety  of  climate,  scenery,  and  resources  as  be- 
tween the  Missouri  River,  or  the  ninety-sixth  meridian,  and  the  Pacific 
Ocean;  and  in  the  magnificent  stretch  of  country  are  found  resorts  which 
can  be  enjoyed  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  The  best  climate  of  every 
known  country  can  be  found  in  this  area.  Here  nature  not  only  equals 
but  excels  everything  that  she  has  done  for  mankind  in  other  portions  of 
the  globe;  and  American  enterprise  and  skill  have  made  them  accessible 
to  the  nations  of  the  earth.  From  Portland,  magnificent  ocean  steamers 
depart  for  the  far  distant  Orient.  Fine  steamers  also  ply  over  the  broad 
bosom  of  the  Pacitic  Ocean  from  Portland  to  Alaska,  that  wonderful  Ter- 
ritory of  the  north.  The  Oregon  Railway  &  Navigation  Company's 
steamers,  which  compare  favorable  with  the  Atlantic  steamships,  make 
regular  trips  twice  a  week  from  Portland  to  San  Francisco.  During  every 
excursion  season  many  thousand  tourists  visit  Alaska. 

Lake  Park. — This  resort  is  within  twenty  miles  of  Salt  Lake  City, 
near  the  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  to  Ogden.  The  grounds 
here  are  nearly  level  and  but  slightly  above  the  water.  The  main  build- 
ing is  the  pavilion,  sixty  feet  square,  and  nearly  as  high;  it  is  an  open  af- 
fair, and,  like  that  at  Garfield,  has  a  waxed  dancing  floor,  with  seats 
around  the  sides,  pnd  a  platform  for  the  orchestra.  There  are  two  build- 
ings, one  on  either  side  of  the  pavilion,  50x30  feet;  the  one  on  the  north  is 
used  as  a  restaurant,  where  very  good  meals  are  served  for  50  .cents.  On 
the  east  side  of  the  track  and  inside  of  thedoop  is  the  Bowery,  fitted  up 
with  seats  and  furnished  with  a  lunch  counter,  ice  water,  etc. ;  near  by 
are  the  ball,  croquet,  and  tennis  grounds;  just  outside  the  loop  on  a  grassy 
slope  is  a  row  of  summer  cottages  for  visitors;  not  far  away  are  little  ar- 
bors tastily  fixed  up;  there  is  also  a  large  cook-stove,  where  those  so  in- 
clined can  make  their  own  coffee  or  tea  or  cook  what  they  may  desire. 
On  the  west  side  of  the  pavilion  are  rows  of  bathing-houses  facing  west- 
ward and  parallel  with  the  shore.  The  water  is  shallow  and  the  waves 
are  seldom  boisterous ;  there  is  scarcely  any  difference  in  the  bouyancy  of 
the  water  between  here  and  elsewhere.  A  long  covered  pier  runs  out 
from  the  shore  into  the  water  and  is  furnished  with  seats  the  entire  length ; 
it  is  delightful  to  spend  hours  on  this  pier  to  enjoy  the  lake  breezes,  and 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  117 

watch  the  bathers  and  boats  that  all  day  long  are  coming  and  going,  in- 
tent upon  their  own  enjoyment.  Since  the  water  here  is  generally  so 
smooth,  rowing  is  one  of  the  favorite  pastimes;  and  yet  this  place  is  al- 
most always  favored  with  a  gentle  breeze,  sufficient  for  sailing,  but  not 
strong  enough  to  make  the  water  very  rough ;  this  is  due  doubtless  to  the 
shallowness. 

Syracuse. — A  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  runs  from  Syracuse  Junc- 
tion, nine  miles  south  of  Ogden,  six  miles  down  to  the  shore  of  the  lake, 
and  this  is  another  bathing  resort,  and  at  the  same  time  the  scene  of  the 
most  extensive  and  perhaps  best  equipped  salt-making  plant  on  Great 
Salt  Lake.  The  entire  process  may  there  be  see  a  to  best  advantage.  The 
place  is  made  pleasant  by  groves  of  trees  of  la'ge  size,  put  out  thirty  or 
forty  years  ago.  Like  the  entire  east  shore,  this  place  is  too  flat  and  the 
bottom  too  muddy  for  fine  battling.  It  is  now  proposed  to  construct  a 
gigantic  swimming  bath  and  pump  the  water  of  the  lake  into  it  for  bathing 
purposes.  This,  if  it  pr  ves  satisfactory  as  a  bathing  place,  will  prob- 
ably be  done  at  Lake  Park,  which  suffers  from  the  same  drawbacks. 

The  Wasatch  CaSons. — The  Wasatch  Mountains  and  the  High 
Plateaus,  like  other  great  chains,  are  composed  of  parallel  ridges  inclosing 
lateral  streams.  Some  of  these  run  long  distances  wiihin  the  chain  before 
finding  a  way  out.  All  of  them  escape,  finally,  by  making  their  way 
through  the  obstacle,  and  this  breaking  through  makes  the  cafion. 

Weber  CaSon. — The  divide  between  the  waters  of  the  Rio  Colorado 
and  of  the  Great  Basin  is  crossed  by  the  Union  Pacific  Railway  at  Reed's 
Summit,  7,463  feet  above  the  sea.  Descending  a  few  miles  it  crosses  Bear 
River  at  an  altitude  of  6,969  feet,  here  flowing  generally  northward,  fol- 
lowing it  down  ten  miles,  leaving  it  6,656  feet  above  the  sea,  thence  sur- 
mounting Echo  Pass,  6,785  feet  in  height,  it  begins  the  direct  descent  into 
the  Great  Basin  through  Echo  and  Weber  Ca&ons,  crossing  Weber  River 
at  an  elevation  of  5,240  feet,  and  striking  the  level  of  Salt  Lake  at  Ogden, 
4,290  feet.  Echo  Cafion  is  no  canon  in  the  true  sense.  A  wall  of  sand- 
stone rises  perpendicularly  on  the  north  300  or  400  feet;  on  the  south 
there  is  no  wall  and  little  rock,  but  a  succession  of  grassy  ridges,  sloping 
smoothly  toward  the  stream.  The  road  strikes  Weber  River,  another 
northward-flowing  stream,  about  midway  of  its  course,  and  follows  it 
down  through  a  valley  for  five  or  six  miles  below  Echo  City,  to  the 
"Thousand  Mile  Trre,"  where  the  mountains  draw  together,  and  the  first 
cafion  commences.  The  valley  suddenly  narrows  to  a  gorge,  the  rended 
rocks  tower  to  the  sky  and  almost  overhang  the  train  Through  tunnels 
and  over  bridges  this  cafion  is  cleared  in  half  a  dozen  miles,  the  moun- 
tains recede  again,  and  soften  down  into  mere  hills  in  comparison.  An 
oval  valley  like  the  one  above  is  passed,  the  mountains  again  close  in  on 
the  river,  and  the  train  enters  Devil's  Gate  Cafion,  where  the  naked  rocks 
rise  a  mile  in  the  air.  Ages  ago  they  presented  a  fixed  rock  dam,  which 
it  seems  the  river  could  never  have  conquered,  but  it  has,  and,  through  the 
passage  made  by  its  persistence,  the  road  soon  emerges  from  Devil's  Gate 
into  the  summery  airs  of  the  valley.    The  scenery  has  been  described  and 


118  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

illustrated  until  the  traveling  public  is  familiar  with  it.  But  one  gets 
only  a  slight  idea  of  its  beauty  and  grandeur  from  a  ride  through  it  on 
t'ue  railroad.  He  must  stop  off,  and,  on  foot  or  horseback,  explore  the 
bide  streams  and  reach  various  elevations  half  a  mile  above  the  river,  be- 
fore he  can  be  said  to  have  seen  it  all. 

Bear  River  flows  along  a  distance  northward  before  it  finds  a  passage 
outward  into  Cache  Valley,  and  thence  into  Salt  Lake  Valley.  Similarly 
the  Provo,  rising  near  the  source  of  the  Weber,  and  flowing  southward, 
has  its  Alpine  valleys,  and  finally  cafions  out  into  the  Basin.  So  with  the 
Sevier,  and  its  affluents,  and  so  to  a  less  extent  the  various  minor  streams 
that  flow  westward  into  the  Basin  directly  from  their  sources,  as  Logan 
and  Blacksmith  Forks,  Box-Elder  Creek,  Ogden  River,  the  Cottonwoods, 
American  and  Spanish  Forks  and  many  others.  One  can  see  something  of 
them  in  hastily  passing  through  them,  butpto  get  the  full  benefit  he  must 
have  a  camp  outfit,  his  own  conveyance  and  time,  saddle-horses,  hunting 
and  fishing  tackle,  and  all  the  paraphernalia  of  the  sightseer,  the  tourist 
and  the  sportsman.  For  such  it  is  hard  to  select  the  localty,  since  the 
Wasatch  Range  affords  such  an  endless  variety  from  end  to  end. 

Cache  Valley. — Cache  Valley,  which  is  traversed  from  end  to  end  by 
the  Union  Pacific  Railway,  is  an  inviting  field  for  the  tourist.  It 
is  literally  cached  among  the  ridges  of  the  Wasatch,  like  San  Pete,  Ogden, 
Alpine,  Morgan,  Echo,  Rhodes  and  Sevier  Valleys ;  and  is  as  though  round 
a  symmetrical  oval  area,  ten  by  fifty  miles,  the  mountains  had  risen  or 
ranged  themselves  at  some  mysterious  bidding,  to  show  what  could  be 
done  in  the  way  of  valley  making.  It  is  about  4,500  feet  above  the  sea, 
well  watered,  inclosed  by  mountains  8,000  feet  high,  in  whose  gorges  the 
snow  lies  until  August,  their  shaggy  sides  meanwhile  invaded  by  the 
green  of  the  valley,  which  creeps  to  their  summits  between  the  snow 
banks,  or  appears  in  sunny  places  among  the  scattered  pines  and  dark 
points  and  ridges  of  rock.  A  fair  sprinkling  of  forest  would  perfect  the 
picture,  but  this  it  lacks,  and  the  green  of  the  valley  and  mountains  only 
relieve  the  eternal  gray-brown  of  everything  else  after  all.  The  range  on 
the  east  is  the  main  Wasatch,  deeply  notched  by  the  streams,  which  are 
alive  with  trout,  and  afford  passage  over  fine  roads  to  Bear  Lake  Valley, 
fifty  miles  eastward.  Where  the  rivers  emerge  from  their  cafions  and  rush 
laughing  into  the  sunshine,  there  waters  are  caught  up  and  led  in  a  thou- 
sand trickling  rills  to  bless  the  fields  with  fatness.  Some  lighter  streams 
and  springs  perform  the  same  kindly  office  for  the  west  side,  and  bo  there 
is  a  belt  of  cultivated  land  sprinkled  with  towns  all  around  the  edge  of  the 
valley.  Of  these  Logan  is  the  largest,  and  Smithfield  the  prettiest.  From 
several  points  on  the  railway  Cache  Valley  is  a  lovely  sight.  One  can 
drive  on  fine  roads  all  around  it,  to  Soda  Springs  and  Bear  Lake,  and  over 
hill  and  dale  southward  into  Salt  Lake  Valley  via  Box-Elder  Creek  or 
Ogden  River. 

Ogden  Canon. — The  same  section  may  be  penetrated  almost  as  well 
from  Ogden.  Of  the  interesting  places  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
Ogden,  the  caQon  of  Ogden  River  ranks  highest.    There  is  a  good  carriage 


UTAH  TERlilTORY.  119 

road  through  the  caflon,  which  is  ten  or  twelve  miles  long,  and  the  pass- 
age presents  the  same  immense  close  towering  rocky  walls,  broken  apart 
by  the  full  roaring  stream,  common  to  all  the  caflons  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. Power  of  resistance  on  the  one  hand,  and  of  attack  on  the  other,  are 
well  symbolized.  There  are  minerals  and  mineral  springs  along  the  way. 
Through  the  outlaying  range  one  enters  Ogdtin  Valley,  an  enclosed  park, 
with  its  settlements  and  farms,  beyond  which  the  drive  extends  into  both 
Bear  Lake  and  Cache  Valleys.  All  the  streams  in  that  part  of  the  Territory 
afford  good  sport  for  the  angler,  and  the  valleys  and  hills  are  grass  grown 
and  alive  with  grouse  and  snipe,  sage  hens  and  prairie  chickens. 

Parley's  Park.— From  Salt  Lake  City,  Parley's  Park,  the  Big  Cotton- 
wood Lakes,  and  American  Fork  Canon  are  the  favorite  resorts.  The  park 
is  about  twenty-five  miles  from  Salt  Lake  City,  just  over  the  crest  of  the 
Wasatch,  on  the  sources  of  the  Weber,  and  nearly  as  high  as  the  moun- 
tains themselves.  The  road  ascends  through  Parley's  Canon,  and  is 
a  fine  drive.  There  is  a  hotel  in  the  park,  but  visitors  usually 
prefer  taking  along  with  their  team  their  own  camping  outfit.  The  ele- 
vation insures  refreshing  coolness,  especially  of  the  nights.  The  park  is 
quite  extensive  in  area,  affording  good  drives,  fishing  and  hunting,  and 
stretches  for  horseback  riding,  and  among  other  objects  of  interest.  Park 
City  and  the  Ontario  mill  and  mine.  One  can  get  a  fair  idea  of  the  ways 
and  means  of  mining  by  a  visit  to  this  town,  mine,  and  mining  district. 
Excursions  may  be  made  e'astward  to  the  sources  of  the  Weber  and  Prove 
Rivers,  the  whole  region  being  full  of  interest.  The  country-side,  an 
old  formation,  apparently,  giving  evidence  of  the  mighty  action  of  water 
or  ice,  or  both,  geological  agi  s  ago. 

Big  Cottonwood  Lakes. — There  are  a  series  of  small  lakes  at  the 
head  of  Big  Cottonwood,  at  the  most  picturesque  of  which,  namely  Mary's 
Mr.  Brighton  has  built  a  hotel  for  the  accommodation  of  summer  visitors. 
For  many  years  it  has  been  a  mountain  resort,  and  the  number  of  persons 
seeking  its  cool  fresh  air,  and  the  enjoyment  to  be  derived  from  a  study  of 
nature,  is  yearly  increasing.  The  hotel  is  always  full  during  the  hot 
months,  and  the  lake  bordered  all  around  with  the  tents  and  wagons  of 
campers.  Excursions  must  be  made  on  foot  or  horseback.  They  may  in- 
clude visits  to  Park  City,  Heber  City,  Midway,  or  Kamas,  to  the  Big  and 
Little  Cottonwood  mines,  to  other  rock-bound  tarns,  and  to  sightly  peaks. 
From  these  one  can  look  out  over  Jordan  Valley,  the  lower  section  of  the 
Oquirrh,  Rush  Valley,  and  in  clear  weather  upon  the  far  summits  of  the 
Deep  Creek  Mountains,  glittering  like  silver  points  in  the  distance.  Per- 
haps the  finest  view  is  from  Bald  Peak,  among  the  highest  of  the  range. 
Standing  on  its  top,  20,000  square  miles  of  mountain,  gorge,  lake,  and  val- 
ley, may  be  swept  by  the  eye.  Sixty  miles  south,  Mount  Nebo  bounds  the 
view.  Beneath  lies  Utah  Lake,  a  clear  mirror  bordered  by  tawny  slopes, 
and  Salt  Lake  City,  embowered  in  foliage,  with  Great  Salt  Lake  rolling  its 
white  caps  and  glittering  in  the  sunshine  beyond,  its  islnnrls  and  all  the 


120  UTAH  TERRITORY. 

valley  ranges  dwarfed  to  hills.  Northward  the  higher  points  of  the  Wasatch 
catch  the  eye  until  they  are  lost  in  the  distance.  Eastward  the  sources 
of  the  Weber  and  the  Provo  fill  the  foreground,  \vhile  successive  mountain 
ranges  bound  the  view  in  that  direction.  Words  can  give  but  a  faint  idea 
of  the  magnificence  of  the  outlook  from  Bald  Peak,  or  Kesler's  Peak,  or 
Mount  Clayton,  the  latter  the  corner  of  three  counties,  and  from  whose 
bare  sides  start  Snake  Creek,  the  Cottonwoods,  and  American  Fork,  or  any 
other  of  the  higher  summits  in  the  vicinity  of  Mary's  Lake. 

American  Fokk  Canon. — South  of  the  Cottonwoods,  American  Fork 
Ca&on  opens  into  the  Utah  Lake  Basin.  It  has  been  called  the  Yosemite 
of  Utah,  and  undoubtedly  its  succession  of  wild  gorges  and  timbered  vales 
makes  it  the  most  picturesque  and  interesting  of  any  of  the  canons  of  the 
Wasatch.  To  visit  it  now  one  must  take  horse  or  carriage  at  American 
Fork,  thirty-two  miles  south  of  Salt  Lake,  and  the  better  way  will  be  to 
take  along  a  complete  outfit  for  camping,  although  there  are  buildings  at 
Deer  Creek  and  at  Forest  City.  At  Deer  Creek  one  takes  horses,  eight  miles 
to  Forest  City,  and  then  the  ascent  to  the  Miller  mine,  or  the  Silver  Bell, 
begin.  It  is  four  miles  farther,  the  mines  being  11,000  feet  in  altitude. 
Once  there,  it  is  but  a  short  climb  to  the  top  of  the  peak,  nearly  as  high 
as  any  of  the  range,  and  affording  a  most  magnificent  and  almost  un- 
bounded view  in  fine  weather. 

This  canon  is  noted,  not  only  for  the  towering  altitude  of  its  enclosing 
walls,  but  for  the  picturesqueness  of  the  infinite  shapes,  resembling  arti- 
ficial objects,  towers,  pinnacles  and  minarets  «hiefiy,  into  which  the  ele- 
ments have  worn  them.  At  first  the  formation  is  granite  and  the  cliffs  rise 
to  a  lofty  height  almost  vertically.  Then  comes  quartzite,  or  rocks  of 
looser  texture,  conglomerates  and  sandstones.  The  cation  opens  only  to 
the  sky,  and  you  enter  a  noble  gallery,  the  sides  of  which  recede  at  an 
angle  of  45""  to  a  dizzy  height,  profusely  set  with  these  elemental  sculp- 
tures in  endless  variety  of  size  and  pattern,  often  richly  colored.  ''Towers, 
battlements,  shattered  castles,  and  the  images  of  mighty  sentinels,"  says 
one,  "  exhibit  their  outlines  against  the  sky.  Rocks  twisted,  gnarled  and 
distorted ;  here  a  mass  like  the  skeleton  of  some  colossal  tree  which 
lightning  had  wrenched  and  burnt  to  fixed  cinder;  there  another,  vast 
and  overhanging,  apparently  crumbling  and  threatening  to  fall  to  ruin." 
At  Deer  Creek  the  cafion  proper  ceases;  the  road  has  climbed  out  of  it, 
2,500  feet  in  eight  miles.  This  is  the  main  resort  of  pleasure  parties.  The 
wagon  road  continues  to  Forest  City,  eight  miles  above.  The  surround- 
ings are  still  mountainous,  but  there  are  breaks  where  the  brooks  come  in 
off  grassy  hills  and  forests  of  aspen  and  pine.  Forest  City  has  been  a 
charcoaling  station  for  years. 

To  the  sublimity  of  ca&on  scenery  in  summer,  an  indescribable  beauty 
is  added  in  the  autumn,  when  the  deciduous  trees  and  shrubbery  on  a 
thousand  slopes,  touched  by  the  frost,  present  the  colors  of  a  rich  painting, 
and  meet  the  eye  wherever  it  rests.  To  get  the  full  benefit  of  this  one  must 
go  up  and  up  till  there  is  nothing  higher  to  climb.  In  winter  another 
phase  succeeds.  The  snow,  descending  for  days  and  days,  buries  the 
forests  and  fills  the  cafion.    Accumulating  on  high  and  steep  acclivities, 


UTAH  TERRITORY.  121 

it  starts  without  warning  and  buries  in  ruins  whatever  may  be  in  its  track. 
Hardly  a  year  passes  that  miners  and  teamsters,  wagons  and  cabins,  are 
not  swept  away  and  buried  out  of  sight  for  months.  The  avalanche  of 
the  Wasatch  is  as  formidable  as  that  of  the  Alps.  Probably  forty  feet  of 
snow  falls  on  the  main  range  every  winter.  Seven  miles  of  tramway  in 
Little  Cottonwood  Cafion  are  closely  and  strongly  shedded  for  defense 
against  snow-slides.  Even  this  is  not  always  effectual.  Yet  the  main 
traveled  roads  over  this  range,  whether  wagon  or  railroads,  are  but 
slightly  obstructed  by  snow  as  a  general  thing. 

Utah  Basin. — Utah  Basin  is  shut  off  from  Salt  Lake  Basin  by  a  low 
range  cut  through  by  the  Jordan  River  and  run  through  by  the  Union 
Pacific  and  Rio  Grande  Western  Railroads.  Its  prettiest  feature  is  a  sheet 
of  sweet  water,  twenty-five  miles  in  length  and  about  five  in  breadth, 
with  broad  grassy  slopes  from  the  water's  edge  to  the  foot  of  enclosing 
mountains.  It  receives  the  American,  Provo,  and  Spanish  Rivers,  and  dis- 
charges into  Great  Salt  Lake  through  the  Jordan  River.  It  abounds  in 
fish,  principally  speckled  trout,  of  large  size  and  good  flavor.  This  made 
it  a  resort  of  the  Utah  Indians  in  former  days,  after  whom  the  lake,  the 
county,  and  the  Territory  seem  to  have  been  named.  It  is  a  pity  the  other 
Indian  names  of  springs  and  creeks  in  this  lovely  basin  have  not  been 
likewise  preserved— Timpanogas,  Pomontquint,  Waketeke,  Pinquan,  Pe- 
quinnetta,  Petenete,  Pungun,  Watage,  Onapah,  Timpa,  Mouna,  and  so  on. 
They  have  all  been  superseded,  and  their  memory  is  fast  passing  away,  as 
the  Indians  themselves  have  done. 

"On  the  Timpanogas  (Provo)  Bottoms,"  said  Lieutenant  Gunnison 
forty  years  ago,  "wheat  grows  most  luxuriantly  and  the  root  crops  are 
seldom  excelled.  A  continuous  field  can  be  made  thence  to  the  Waketeke 
(Summit)  Creek,  and  the  lovely  Utah  Valley  made  to  sustain  a  population 
of  more  than  100,000  inhabitants."  The  field  was  long  since  made,  and 
the  population  now  numbers  nearly  30,000.  The  leading  town  is  Provo 
on  the  Timpanogas,  under  the  overshadowing  Wasatch.  It  is  like  all  the 
better  class  of  towns  in  Utah,  regularly  laid  out,  an  accumulation  of  garden 
spots,  the  houses  half  hidden  by  th^  foliage  of  fruit  trees  and  vines.  Provo 
is  about  fifty  miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and  is  a  good  outfitting  point 
for  the  tourist.  The  principal  attractions  in  the  vicinity  are  Utah  Lake 
and  Provo  river.  The  latter  has  the  inevitable  canon,  above  which  a  good 
wagon  road  leads  through  a  succession  of  settled  Alpine  valleys  to  Kamas 
Prairie,  which  Captain  Stansbury  describes  as  "a  most  lovely,  fertile,  level 
prairie,  ten  or  twelve  miles  long  and  six  or  seven  miles  wide,"  where  the 
affluents  of  the  Provo  and  Weber  interlock.  The  drive  may  proceed  down 
the  Weber  to  Ogden,  if  one  desire,  with  the  same  alternation  of  land- 
locked valleys  and  mountain  gorges.  A  dozen  thriving  settlements  will 
have  been  passed  through  en  route. 

Six  miles  south  of  Provo  is  Springfield,  where,  by  road  up  Spanish 
Fork  Canon,  we  proceed  into  the  finest  timbered,  tallest  grassed, 
best  watered  section  of  Utah,  presenting  a  fresh  field  for  hunting 
and  fishing.  All  along  here  the  Wasatch  Range  presents  a  most 
interesting  aspect,  and  frequently  offers  access  via  canons  of  more  or  less 
attractiveness.  An  isolated  range  trending  north  and  south,  west  of  Utah 
Lake,  divides  the  basin  into  separate  halves,  cutting  off  Cedar  and  Goshen 
Valleys  (dry  for  the  most  part,  and  of  little  account)  sloping  gradually  up 
for  twenty  miles  to  the  summit  of  the  Oquirrh,  6,000  feet  high,  on  the 
western  side  of  which  are  the  Tintic  mines. 


122  UTAH  TEKKiTORY. 

On  the  Sevikk. — Utah  Lake  Basin  may  be  said  to  end  in  the  vicinity 
of  Nephi,  under  Mount  Nebo,  where  Onapah  (Salt  Creeli)  Cafion  opens 
the  way  for  another  side  railroad  into  San  Pete  Valley,  with  its  eight  or 
ten  settlements  and  10,000  to  12,000  inhabitants.  From  the  head  of  San 
Pete  one  may  find  his  way  northward  into  Spanish  Fork,  or  eastward  ove 
a  mountain  into  Thistle  or  Castle  Valleys.  Southward  the  valley  opens  on 
the  Sevier  River,  a  world  in  itself,  with  ])asses  of  majestic  grandeur 
through  ranges  on  either  hand  into  adjoining  valleys.  A  journey  up  the 
Sevier  in  line  weather  Is  very  interesting,  and  so  is  the  region  about  its 
heads,  where  the  waters  divide  and  flow  apart.  In  his  '*  Geology  of  the 
High  Plateau,"  Captain  Dutton  often  becomes  eloquent  in  the  effort  to 
word-paint  the  scenery  of  that  region.  Panquitch  Lake,  at  an  absolute 
altitude  of  at  least  8,000  feet,  a  mile  and  a  half  wide  by  a  mile  and  a  half 
long,  is  described  by  him  as  "  a  delightful  locality  both  for  the  tourist  and 
the  geologist."  Theshores  and  slopes  are  wooded  and  the  floors  of  broad 
and  stately  ravines  bearing  sparkling  streams  are  carpeted  with  long  rich 
grasses,  and  every  knoll  and  sloping  bank  is  a  parterre  of  the  gayest  flow- 
ers. Fish  Lake  is  a  much  larger  body  of  water — 5)^  by  1>^  miles — 8,600 
feet  above  the  sea,  walled  in  by  two  noble  palisades,  respectively  1,600  and 
2,tj00  feet  high.  "  No  resort  more  beautiful  than  this  lake  can  be  found 
in  Southern  Utah."  The  outlet  is  Into  the  Colorado,  but  it  was  formerly 
into  the  Sevier,  aud  might  be  recovered  by  a  short  tunnel.  The  Union 
Paciflc  runs  a  branch  from  Nephi  through  Salt  Creek  cafion  into  San  Pete 
Valley,  and  the  Rio  Grande  Western,  starting  from  Thistle  Station  in 
Spanish  Fork  Caflon,  are  operating  a  line  to  Manti,  and  are  building  on 
south  to  and  up  the  Sevier.  The  building  of  railroads  promises  to  open 
the  upper  Sevier  region  to  the  tourist  and  sportsman  as  well  as  to  business 
and  commerce. 

In  the  Uintahs.— The  following  is  from  Mr.  M.  E.  Jones's  *'  Salt 
Lake  City:" 

"  To  the  artist  and  hunter  wishing  to  see  nature  in  all  her  native  wild- 
ness,  there  are  few  places  superior  to  the  grand  old  Uintas,  the  loftiest 
mountains  of  Utah.  These  are  reached  along  the  Weber  or  the  Bear, 
both  on  the  Union  Pacific.  Going  to  Wanship  by  rail,  "Vve  there  hire  a 
a  team  to  take  us  to  the  mountains;  we  can  get  to  our  destination  in  a 
day,  but  for  pleasure's  sake  we  take  short  stages,  and  at  almost  every  camp 
spend  hours  in  fishing,  catching  all  we  can  carry  almost  every  time  we 
go  out,  and  the  finest  trout,  too.  The  valley  of  the  Weber  is  a  broad  one 
nearly  all  the  way  to  the  Uintah.  We  ascend  gradually  until  we  are 
among  the  sub-alpine  meadows  nearly  9,000  feet  above  the  sea.  Here 
are  aspens  in  abundance  and  groves  of  majestic  spruces,  beautiful  grassy 
plats  under  the  trees,  beautiful  lakes  filled  with  fish,  sparkling  cascades 
and  waterfalls,  rocks  and  cliffs,  fallen. timber,  the  finest  fuel,  and  all  sorts 
of  game  both  large  and  small.  The  flowers  are  fully  as  plentiful  as  in  the 
Wasatch,  and  there  are  many  new  kinds.  The  grouse  are  very  abundant; 
one  need  not  go  out  a  day  without  bringing  home  a  deer;  there  are  elk 
and  bear.  Here  it  freezes  every  night  in  the  year,  but  the  days  are  warm 
and  pleasant;  the  skies  are  clear,  but  with  an  occasional  summer  shower. 
The  great  peaks  are  some  ten  miles  off,  rising  gray  and  bleak  against  the 
sky. 

"The  most  enjoyment  will  be  found  in  going  into  the  Uintahs  at  the 
head  of  the  Bear,  for  there  we  get  amongst  the  great  peaks  at  once.  The 
Bear  is  reached  from  Hilliard  or  Coalville,  at  first  a  broad  open  valley, 
then  a  succession  of  knolls  and  hollows,  and  groves  of  spruce  and  fir  and 
pine  carpeted  with  flowers.  At  last  the  base  of  the  great  wall  of  peaks  is 
achieved,  and  alpine  meadows,  carpeted  with  luxuriant  grass  and  decked 
with  wild  flowers  of  every  hue.  On  both  sides  of  us  the  great  U-shaped 
valley  rises  several  thousand  feet,  clad  with  dark  forests.  In  front,  the 
iiijmense  peaks  with  their  attendant  walls  tower  into  the  sky  nearljr  14,000 


UTAH  TEKRITORY.  123 

feet  above  the  sea,  all  lighted  up  with  glistening  snow.  We  are  at  an  el- 
evation of  9,000  feet  above  the  sea,  where  we  can  lounge  around,  lish,  hunt, 
sketch,  and  study  nature  in  all  its  phases.  The  geology  of  thii"  place  is 
intensely  interesting,  since  here  the  glaciers  held  out  tlie  longest,  and  the 
evidences  of  their  existence  are  as  fresh  as  though  they  had  melted  but 
yesterday.  The  fishing  is  tine,  and  deer,  grouse,  and  elk  are  plentiful, 
and  bear  can  be  found  by  seeking  them.  The  wealth  of  flowers  is  fully  as 
great  as  in  the  Wasatch,  while  there  are  many  kinds  not  found  in  any  other 
mountains  of  Utah.  The  scenery  here  is  vast,  grand,  and,  because  of  the 
work  of  the  glaciers,  destitute  of  narrow  gorges  and  rugged  canons  except 
at  the  heads  of  the  streams,  where  all  the  magnificence  of  the  Wasatch  is 
multiplied  till  the  views  produce  the  sensation  of  sublimity  and  bewilder- 
ment. If  we  stand  upon  the  summit  of  La  Motte  Peak,  over  13,000  feet 
above  the  sea,  we  are  upon  a  narrow  ridge  above  the  clouds ;  a  single  step 
would  precipitate  us  thousands  of  feet  before  we  reach  the  bottom ;  the 
lofty  trees  so  far  below  appear  like  tufts  of  grass;  clouds  float  lazily  be- 
neath us ;  and  through  the  rifts  we  see  the  silvery  threads  where  the  cat- 
aracts are  flowing,  but  no  sound  comes  to  our  far  height.  Around  us  on 
all  sides  rise  massive  cliffs  and  precipices  thousands  of  feet  high,  vast  be- 
yond all  comprehension,  and  yet  so  well  proportioned  that  they  remind 
us  of  spires,  castles,  domes,  cathedrals,  and  amphitheatres,  cut  out  of  the 
rock  by  a  giant  bygone  race.  In  the  midst  of  the  amphitheatres  lie  the 
beautiful,  shining  strings  of  pearls,  the  alpine  lakes,  the  last  resting  places 
of  the  mighty  glaciers  that  perished  there.  Long  ago  t  hese  plowmen,  with 
overwhelming  force,  cut  up  the  narrow  cafions  into  broad  and  fertile  val- 
leys, now  covered  with  luxuriant  grass  and  groves  of  trees,  the  homes  of 
elk  and  deer.  As  we  look  down  from  our  perch  among  the  clouds,  we 
see  long  lines,  a  thousand  feet  high,  of  rounded  boulders  which  the  gla- 
ciers left  fringing;  the  valleys  on  eitherside.  Neartheheadsof  the  valleys 
we  behold  a  series  of  massive  embankments  crossing  thematright  angles, 
forming  beautiful  lakes,  as  if  the  dying  glaciers  attempted  to  stop  the 
rushing  waters,  and  at  each  failure  formed  new  dams  higher  up;  and  so 
on,  till  the  last  embankment  lies  at  the  very  head,  like  a  wall  of  freshly 
broken  stones  piled  with  great  regularity  and  care,  and  still  but  half  done, 
as  if  the  glaciers  had  died  but  yesterday  toiling  at  their  tasks.  As  we  look 
off  over  the  peaks,  we  see  an  immense  stretch  of  country.  On  the  north 
the  valley  of  the  Bear  lies  spread  out  at  our  feet,  we  can  see  the  Union 
Pacific  Railway  twenty  miles  away,  and  range  upon  range  of  mountains 
for  at  least  100  miles  beyond.  On  the  west.  Reed's  Peak  is  in  the  fore- 
ground, towering  hundreds  of  feet  above  us,  with  its  masses  of  unmelted 
snow,  its  black  beard  of  f  ringing  forests,  its  green  lakes,  and  silvery  threads 
of  water  flowing  from  them.  Farther  off,  nearly  seventy-five  miles  away, 
rise  the  Wasatch  peaks,  and  we  can  even  discern  the  Oquirrh  Mountains 
beyond.  On  the  southwest,  beyond  the  Uintah  peaks,  are  many  moun- 
tain ridges  as  closely  compacted  together  as  the  backs  of  animals  in  a  herd, 
and  far  away  on  the  horizon  150  miles  off  rises  the  camel's  hump  of  Mt. 
Nebo,  gray  and  hazy,  but  still  plainly  visible.  On  the  south  we  look  over 
into  many  parks  and  can  almost  see  the  deer  and  elk  feeding  there  in  places 
almost  untrodden  by  the  foot  of  man;  there  is  the  head  of  the  Duchesne; 
not  far  off  head  the  Provo  and  Weber;  and  at  our  feet  the  Bear  starts  on 
its  northward  way.  East  of  us  continues  the  great  Uintah  Range  with 
peaks,  a  number  of  them  higher  than  our  own,  and  all  rising  far  above 
the  timber  line,  cold  and  bleak,  with  great  masses  of  glistening  snow,  and 
yet  at  this  time  gorgeous  with  alpine  and  rare  flowers,  except  on  the  very 
summit  where  are  only  piles  of  huge  stones.  How  far  we  can  see  it  is 
difficult  to  tell,  but  our  horizon  is  not  less  than  200  miles  in  diameter.  *  No 
one  can  ever  appreciate  the  vastness  of  this  country  until  he  ascends  one 
of  our  lofty  peaks,  and  by  the  assistance  of  our  remarkably  pure  air  sees 
as  far  as  the  rotundity  of  the  earth  will  permit,  and  that  too  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  nearly  two  miles  above  the  face  of  the  country." 


124  UTAH  TERRITOKY. 

Conclusion. — During  th«  past  two  or  three  years  Utah  has  in  some 
way  been  stirred  with  new  life ;  the  more  central  parts  have  advanced  at  a 
marvelous  pace;  realty  in  all  the  towns  of  Salt  Laiie  and  Utah  Valleys  has 
doubled  and  doubled  again  in  price;  the  output  of  tbe  mines  has  largely 
increased;  narrow-gauge  roads  have  been  standard-gauged  for  hundreds 
of  miles ;  new  roads  have  been  projected  and  have  struggled  to  their  feet ; 
lines  have  been  consolidated  and  are  being  extended  in  iruitful  directions; 
building  in  the  towns  has  exceeded  all  former  expectations;  and  public 
improvements,  long  neglected,  are  started  easily  and  pushed  with  vigor. 

Statehood,  so  long  promised,  is  now  near  at  hand ;  and  that  Utah,  with 
her  great,  growing,  intelligent  and  thrifty  population,  her  magnificent 
resources  developed  and  to  be  developed,  her  glorious  climate,  her  fertile 
soil,  her  health  resorts  and  her  natural  attractions,  will  be  one  of  the 
brightest  stars  in  the  galaxy,  can  no  longer  be  disputed. 


WILL   TELL    YOU    ALL   ABOUT    IT. 


A.iiy  Ticket  Agent  in  the  United  States  or  Canada  can  sell  Tickets,  check  Baggage,  and  arraugd 

for    Pullman    Palace  Sleeping    Car    berths,     via    the    Union    Pacific    Railway. 

Do  not  complete  your  arrangements  for  a  Western  trip  until  you  have 

applied  to  the  undersigned.    Additional  information,  Maps, 

Time  Tables,  etc.,  will  be  cheerfully  furnished. 


BOSTON,  MASS.— 290  Washington  St.— W.  S. 
CoNDELL,  New  England  Freight  and  Pas- 
senger Agent,  -c     ■    ■.,.  1 

E.   M.    Newbegix,  Traveling   Freight  and 
Passenger  Agent. 
BUTTE,  MONT.— Cor.  Main  and  Broadway.— 

E.  V.  Maze,  General  Agent. 
CHATTANOOGA,    TENN.-21   E.  Eighth  St.— 

F.  L.  Lynde,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
CHEYENNE,  WYO.— C.  W.  Sweet,  Freight  and 

Ticket  Agent. 
CarCAGO,     ILL.— 191   South   Clark     Street.— 
W.  T.  IloLT-Y,  City  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agt. 
T.  W.  you>fG,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
CINCINNATI,   OHIO.— Room  35,  CarewBldg— 
J.  D.  Welsh,    General  Agent  Freight  and 
Passen!T«r  Departments. 
T.  G^'     ■  :,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
A.  G.  SHEARMAN,  Traveling  Freight  and  Pas- 
senger Agent. 
COLORADO  SPRINGS,  COLO.— 14  Pike's  Peak 

Ave.— W.  G.  Rice,  City  Ticket  Agent. 
COUNCIL  BLUFFS,  IOWA.— U. P.  Transfer— 
A.  J.  Manderson,  Gen'l  Agt. 
R.  W.  Chamberlain.  Passenger  Agent. 
J.  W.  Maynaru,  Ticket  Agent. 
.T.  C.  Mitchell,  Citv  Ticket  Agent, 421  B'wav. 
DENVER,  COLO.  —1703  Larimer  St.— Geo.  Ady, 
General  Agent. 
C.  H.  TiTLS,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 

E.  G.  Patterson.  City  Ticket  Agent. 

F.  G.  Erb,  City  Passenger  Agent. 

Scott  Bryan,  Ticket  Agent,  Union  Depot. 
DES  MOINES,   IOWA.— 218  Fourth  St.— E.  M. 

Ford,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
DETROIT,  MICH.— I'sS   Jefferson  Ave.— D.  W. 

Johnston,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 

FT.  WORTH,    TEX.— D.  B.   Keeler,  General 

Freight  &  Pass.  Agent.  Ft.  Worth  &  D.  C.  Ry. 

A.  J.  Ratcliffe,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 

N.   S.    Davis.   Citv    Passenger   and    Ticket 

Agent,  401  Main"  Street. 

.lELENA,   MONT.— 28  North  Main  St.— H.  O. 

Wilson,  Freight  and  Passenger  Agent. 
INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.— Room  6,  Jackson  Place. 

L.  C.  Morris,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
KANSAS  CITY,  MO.— 1038  Union  Ave.— J.  B. 
Fkawley,  General  Agent  Passenger  Dej)!. 
J.  B.  Reese.  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
H.  K.  Proudfit,  City  Passenger  Agent. 
T.  A.  Shaw,  Ticket  Agent. 
C.  A.  Whittieu,  City  Tkt.  Agt.,  1000  Main  St 
A.  W.  Millsfaugh,  Ticket  Ag't,  Union  Depot. 
LONDON,  ENGLAND  — Thos.  Cook  &  Sons,  Eu- 
ropean Passenger  Agents,  Ludgate  Circus 
LOS  ANGELES,  CAL.-229  South  Spring  St.- 

G.  F.  Herr,  Passenger  Agent. 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA.— 158  Common  Street.— 

J.  P.  Douglass,  Jr.,  General  Agent. 
SEW  WHATCOM,  WASH.— W.  E.   O'Connor, 

Ticket  Agent. 
VEW  YORK  CITY.— 2S7  Broadway.— R.  Ten- 
BRoECK,  General  Eastern  Agent. 

.'5.  A.  Hi'TCHISon,  TravelingPassenger  Agent. 

I.  D.  Tenbroeck.  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 

A.  LuNDQFisT,  Traveling  l'a.ssenger  Agent. 

J.  F.  Wiley,  City  Piv^senger  Agent. 


OAKLAND,  CAL.— 12th  Street  and  Broadway— 
Geo.  B.  Seaman,  Passenger  Agent. 

OGDEN,  UTAH.— Union  Depot.— C.  A.  Henry 
Ticket  Agent.  ' 

OLYMPIA,  WASH.— Percival's  Wharf.— J.  C 
Percival,  Ticket  Agent. 

OMAHA,  NEB.— 9th  and  Farnam  Sts.— Frank 

N.  Prophet,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 

Harry  P.   Deuel,  City  Ticket  Agent,  1302 

Farnam  Street. 
Geo.  J.  Buckingham,  City  Passenger  Agent 
J.  K.  chambers,  Ticket  Agent,  Union  Depot| 
PITTSBURGH,  PA.— Rooms  307  and  308,  Fer- 
guson Block.— S.  C.  Milboukne,  Traveling 
Passenger  Agent. 

PORTLAND,  ORE.— 254  Washington  St.— W.  H. 
Hurlburt,  Assistant  General  Pass'r  Agent. 
Geo.  H.  Hill,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
V.  A.  Schilling,  City  Ticket  Agent. 
A.  J.  Goodrich,  City  Passenger  Agent. 

E.  S.  Van  Kuran,  Ticket  Agent,  Grand  Cen- 
tral Station. 

PORT  TOWNSEND,  WASH. -Union   Wharf.- 

II.  L,  Tibbals,  Ticket  Agent. 
PUEBLO,  COLO.— Cor.  Union  Ave.  and  First 

St.— A.  S.  Cuthbertsox,  General  Agent. 
ST.  JOSEPH,  MO.— Chamber  of  Commerce.— 
S.  M.  Adsit,  General  Freight  and  Passenger 

Agent,  St.  J.  &  G.  I.  R.  R. 

F.  P.  Wade.  City  Ticket  Agent,  Corner  3d 
and  Francis  Sts. 

Jo.  Hansen,  Ticket  Agent,  Union  Depot. 
ST.  LOUIS,  MO.— 213  N.  4th  St.-J.  F.  Aglar, 
Gen'l  Agent  Freight  and  Pa.ss.  Departments. 
N.  Haight,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
E.  R.  Tuttle,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
E.  A.Williams,  City  Freight  and  Passenger 
Agent. 
SALT  LAKE  CITY,  UTAH.— 201  Main  St.-D.  E. 
BuRLEY,  General  Agent. 
D.  S.  Taggart,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
W.  J.  RiDD,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
L.  J.  Keyes,  City  Ticket  Agent. 
W.  S.  Evans,  City  Passenger  Agent. 
SAN  FRANCISCO,   CAL.-l  Montgomery  St.- 
I).  W.  Hitchcock,  Gen'l  Ag't  Passeng'r  Dept. 
C.  E.  Brown,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 
W.  R.  Vice,  Pacific  Coast  Passenger  Agent. 
J.  F.  FuGAZi,  Emigr't  Agt..  5  Montgomery  Av. 
SEATTLE,  WASH.— 705  Second  St.— A.  C.  Mar- 
tin, General  Agent. 
SIOUX  CITY,  IOWA.-503  Fourth  St.— D.   M. 
Collins,  General  Agent. 
Geo.  E.  .\bbott,  Trav.  Passenger  Agent. 
H.  M.  Birdsall.  City  Ticket  Agent. 
Geo.  Ledvard,  City  Passenger  Agent. 
Geo.  F.Wheelock.  Tifket  Ag't,  Union  Depot. 
SPOKANE,  WASH.— Cor.  Riverside  and  Wash- 
ington.—Perry  Griffin,  Passenger  and 
Ticket  Agent. 
TACOMA, WASH.— 903  Pacifie-Ave.—E.E.ELLIS, 

General  Agent. 
TRINIDAD,  COLO.-J.  F.  Linthurst,  Ticket 

Agent. 
VICTORIA,  B.  C.  — 100  Government  St.— R. 
Hall,  Ticket  Agent. 


UNION    PACIFIC, 

**THE  OVERLAND  ROUTE  " 
IS  THE 

MOST  DIRECT    LINE 

FROM 

THE  MISSOURI  RIVER 

TO 

AH  Principal  Points  West, 

And  on  Account  ol  llie  Varied  Cliaracter  ol  tlie  Conntry  it  Traverses, 

Offers  to  those  who  contemplate  going  West  a  more  greatly  diversified 
territory  to  select  from  than  does  any  other 

TRANS-CONTINENTAL    LINE. 

Passing  as  it  does  through  N:EBRASKA,  KANSAS,  T:^XAS,  iVJ^TT 
MnXICO,  COI^ORADO,  WYOMING,  UTAH,  IDAHO,  MON- 
TANA, 0R:EG0N  and  WASHINGTON,  every  business  interest  is  to 

be  found  along  its  line.  .*  .*  .'  .*  ,* 

Pnv  +11  o  pQT»Tr>QT«      thousands  of  acres  of  ricli  agricultural  land  are 

rorme  rarmer,  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  settlement. 

For  the  Stock-Raiser.  TJ;":!::^''''''''  ''^"^'  '^"'^ 

T^c\v  flip  IVTinpr  *^®  great  mountains  of  the  West  await  but  the  open- 
X  UI    lllo  IVllLLCl ;     jj^g  ^Q  become  the  source  of  large  fortunes,  and 

For  thp  "RncjinPQQ  Mqn  ^^®  growing  cities  and  towns  of  the  AVest 
rUl  mc  .DUbmUbb  IVld^U,  ^^^  ^^jl^  offering  unequaled  opportuni- 
ties for  investment  of  capital  and  location  of  industries  which  are  unsur- 
passed by  older  sections  of  the  United  States. 


For  pamphlets  descriptive  of  the  above  named  States  or  Territories,  or 
any  information  relative  to  the  Union  Pacific,  call  on  or  address  any  agent 
of  this  Company,  whose  name  is  given  in  the  list  on  the  inside  cover,  or 

S.H.H.  CLARK,  E.  DICKINSON,  E.  L  LOMAX, 

•  President.  General  Manager.  Gen'l  Passenger  &  Ticket  Agent, 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


€003117271 


